Hamhŭng (Hamhŭng-si; Korean pronunciation: [hamɣɯŋ]) is North Korea's second-most populous city, and the capital of South Hamgyŏng Province. Located in the southern part of the South Hamgyong province, Hamhung is the main and most populous metropolitan area in the province. Hamhung was centrally planned and built by the government of North Korea.
Hamhŭng
함흥시 | |
|---|---|
| Korean transcription(s) | |
| • Chosŏn'gŭl | 함흥시 |
| • Hancha | 咸興市 |
| • McCune-Reischauer | Hamhŭng-si |
| • Revised Romanization | Hamheung-si |
Clockwise from top: view of Hamhung city, Hamhung Royal Villa, Majon Beach Resort, an industrial plant in Hamhung, Hamhŭng Grand Theatre | |
 Map of South Hamgyong showing the location of Hamhung | |
 | |
  Hamhŭng Location within North Korea | |
| Coordinates: 39°55′N 127°32′E / 39.917°N 127.533°E | |
| Country |  Democratic People's Republic of Korea |
| Region | Kwannam |
| Province | South Hamgyong |
| Administrative divisions | 7 kuyok |
| Area | |
• Total | 330 km2 (130 sq mi) |
| Population (2008) | |
• Total | 768,551 |
| • Density | 2,328/km2 (6,030/sq mi) |
| • Dialect | Hamgyŏng |
| Time zone | UTC+9 (Pyongyang Time) |
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Administrative divisions
editHamhŭng is divided into 7 guyŏk (wards):[1]
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Geography
editHamhŭng is on the left branch of the Ch'ŏngch'ŏn River, on the eastern part of the Hamhŭng plain (함흥평야), in South Hamgyŏng Province, northeast North Korea. Its highest point is Mount Tonghŭng, which is 319 m (1,047 ft) high.
Climate
editHamhung has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dwa), with warm, humid summers, and moderately cold, dry winters. Being located by the Sea of Japan, its climate is directly influenced by it, resulting in warmer winters and cooler summers than areas similar in latitude on the western coast. The longer period of warmer temperatures favors the growing of crops.[2]
| Climate data for Hamhung (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) |
5.2 (41.4) |
10.4 (50.7) |
17.4 (63.3) |
22.3 (72.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
27.7 (81.9) |
28.1 (82.6) |
24.8 (76.6) |
19.5 (67.1) |
11.5 (52.7) |
4.8 (40.6) |
16.7 (62.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.4 (25.9) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
4.2 (39.6) |
10.8 (51.4) |
16.0 (60.8) |
19.8 (67.6) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.5 (74.3) |
19.0 (66.2) |
12.8 (55.0) |
5.4 (41.7) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
10.8 (51.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −9.0 (15.8) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
4.6 (40.3) |
10.3 (50.5) |
15.6 (60.1) |
19.6 (67.3) |
19.9 (67.8) |
14.3 (57.7) |
7.3 (45.1) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
5.7 (42.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 12.3 (0.48) |
11.2 (0.44) |
20.3 (0.80) |
44.9 (1.77) |
72.2 (2.84) |
85.3 (3.36) |
205.0 (8.07) |
172.8 (6.80) |
95.8 (3.77) |
41.8 (1.65) |
49.4 (1.94) |
19.0 (0.75) |
830.0 (32.68) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.6 | 3.1 | 4.3 | 5.4 | 7.4 | 8.5 | 12.4 | 10.9 | 6.9 | 4.6 | 5.5 | 3.3 | 75.9 |
| Average snowy days | 4.4 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 16.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 63.6 | 61.2 | 61.4 | 61.2 | 69.4 | 78.7 | 84.0 | 84.7 | 79.9 | 71.3 | 67.0 | 63.7 | 70.5 |
| Source: Korea Meteorological Administration[3] | |||||||||||||
History
edit
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The city was called either Hamju (as recorded in 1108, the third year of King Yejeong) or Hamjumok (as recorded in 1369, 18th year of King Gongmin). It received its current name of Hamhung in 1416, when it was promoted to a 'bu'. The Sino-Korean word '흥' (Hancha: 興), added to the original name of Hamju, means that the town would prosper.[4]
Yi Seong-gye, founder of the Yi dynasty, retired to the city after a successful palace coup by his son Yi Bang-won in 1400. Though his son sent envoys to reconcile, his father had them killed. A modern Korean expression, 'King's envoy to Hamhŭng' (Korean: 함흥차사; Hanja: 咸興差使; RR: Hamheungchasa; MR: hamhŭngchasa), refers to a person who goes on a journey and is never heard from again.[5] It was known as Kankō during Japanese rule of Korea between 1910 and 1945. It was liberated by the Red Army on 22 August 1945.
The city was 80–90% destroyed by American air raids during the Korean War (1950–1953) and was occupied by ROK troops between 17 October 1950 and 17 December 1950. From 1955 to 1962, Hamhŭng was the object of a large-scale program of reconstruction and development by East Germany including the build-up of construction-related industries and intense training measures for Korean construction workers, engineers, city planners and architects. When the Bauhaus trained architect Konrad Püschel, the first Head of City Planning for the reconstruction project arrived in 1955, he was accompanied by about 175 members of the Deutsche Arbeitsgruppe (DAG) or German Working Group Hamhung as the project team was called.[6] The project ended two years earlier than scheduled and with a low profile because of the Sino-Soviet conflict and the opposing positions that North Korea and East Germany took on that issue.[7]
From 1960 to 1967, Hamhŭng was administered separately from South Hamgyŏng as a Directly Governed City (Chikhalsi). Before 1960 and since 1967, the city has been part of South Hamgyŏng Province.
In 1995, Hamhŭng witnessed, thus far, one of the only documented challenges to the North Korean government when famine-ravaged soldiers began a march toward Pyongyang. The revolt was quelled, and the unit of soldiers was disbanded.[8]
The North Korean famine of the 1990s appears to have had a disproportionate effect on the people of Hamhung. Andrew Natsios, a former aid worker, USAID administrator, and author of The Great North Korean Famine, described Hamhung as "the city most devastated by [the] famine."[9] Contemporary published reports from The Washington Post[10] and Reuters[11] describe numerous fresh graves on the surrounding hillsides and report that many of Hamhung's children were stunted by malnutrition. One survivor claimed that more than 10% of the city's population died, with another 10% fleeing the city in search of food.[12] Despite previously being closed to foreigners, foreign nationals can now travel to Hamhung through the few approved North Korean tour operators.[13]
There is speculation that Hamhung, with its high proportion of chemists and the site of a chemical-industrial complex built by the Japanese during World War II, might be the center for North Korea's methamphetamine production.[14]
Economy
editHamhung is much more economically diverse than most cities in North Korea, as Hamhung has many unique industries. Hamhung's rural areas are used for farm land and food distribution through the community. These lands mainly consist of paddies, but other crops are grown in small portion as well. Hamhŭng is an important chemical industry center in the DPRK.[15] It is an industrial city which serves as a major port for North Korean foreign trade. Production includes textiles (particularly vinalon), metalware, machinery, refined oil and processed food. 2·8 vinalon union enterprise is located here.[16]
While prior to liberation of Korea Hamhung had an extremely backwards economy due to the destructive actions of the Japanese, the city was rapidly developed afterwards, with new industrial districts being built and being broken free of colonial acquisitions of material. Much of the heavy industrial equipment used in other cities are built in Hamhung, and its production contributes to the monumental construction of buildings under projects launched by the Workers' Party.[15]
Transportation
editThe city is a transportation hub, connecting various eastern ports and the northern interior area. Hamhung Station is on the Pyongra Line railway. This city is connected by air too, with Sondok Airport. The city is also served by the narrow gauge, commuter Soho Line linking West Hamhung to Hungnam, via February 28 Vinylon factory.[17]
The city has a large trolleybus network, which opened in 1973 with the Hoyang - Doksong line, with a depot located at the northern Doksong terminus. The second and third lines, a pair of intercity lines from Hamhung station to the Hungnam area, was opened on 27 July 1991. This line had two branches, one to Hungdok and one to Ryongsong with the depot in Hungdok, though the latter line was closed and dismantled sometime in the early 2000s. A set of overhead wires connects the two separate lines, though there is no regular movement on this line. The lines was served by 28 trolleybuses in 2013.[18]
Culture
edit
Hamhŭng hosts the Hamhŭng Grand Theatre, the largest theatre in North Korea.[19] A national museum is located in Hamhŭng. Hamhŭng is also well known for Naengmyeon, a traditional Korean style cold buckwheat noodle.[20][21] Unlike Pyongyang cold noodle, Hamhŭng cold noodles tends to be more spicy, zesty, and have more garnish over the buckwheat noodle.[22][23]
Education
editHamhŭng is home to the Hamhŭng University of Education, Hamhŭng University of Pharmacy, Hamhŭng University of Chemistry and Hamhŭng University of Medicine. Professional colleges in Hamhŭng include the Hamhŭng College of Quality Control, the Hamhŭng Hydrographic and Power College, and the Hamhŭng College of Electronics and Automation. There is also a branch academy of science.
In 2018, the South Hamgyong Sci-Tech Library, the largest facility of its kind outside Pyongyang, opened in the city.[24]
Prisons
editTwo reeducation camps are located near Hamhung: Kyo-hwa-so No. 9 is in northeastern Hamhung, and Kyo-hwa-so No. 22 is in Yonggwang County north of Hamhung.[25]
People born in Hamhŭng
edit- Yi Seonggye (이성계; 1335–1408), the founder of the Chosŏn dynasty, Korea's last royal line
- Ahn Soo-kil (안수길; 1911–1977), South Korean writer
- Richard E. Kim (1932–2009), Korean American writer[26]
- Yoon Kwang-cho (윤광조; born 1946), South Korean ceramic artist
- Yang Hyong-sop (1925–2022), President of the Supreme People's Assembly from 1984 to 1998
Twin towns – sister cities
editHamhung is twinned with:
Shanghai, People's Republic of China - since 1982[27]
See also
edit
Footnotes
edit- ^ "북한지역정보넷". www.cybernk.net. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
- ^ "북한지역정보넷". www.cybernk.net. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
- ^ "30 years report of Meteorological Observations in North Korea (1991 ~ 2020)" (PDF) (in Korean). Korea Meteorological Administration. pp. 212, 300, and 344. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- ^ "북한지역정보넷". www.cybernk.net. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
- ^ "Characters". How Koreans Talk. UnhengNamu. 2002. pp. 094–095. ISBN 89-87976-95-5.
- ^ Dong-Sam Sin (2016) Die Planung des Wiederaufbaus der Städte Hamhung und Hungnam in Nordkorea durch die DAG-Städtebaubrigade der DDR von 1955 - 1962. A dissertation for HafenCity Universität Hamburg
- ^ For more information on the post-War reconstruction project, see Frank, Rüdiger (December 1996). Die DDR und Nordkorea. Der Wiederaufbau der Stadt Hamhŭng von 1954–1962 (in German). Aachen: Shaker. ISBN 3-8265-5472-8.
- ^ Becker, Jasper (May 2005). Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 199–200. ISBN 9780198038108.
- ^ "The Politics of Famine in North Korea". U.S. Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
- ^ Richburg, Keith B. (1997-10-19). "Beyond a Wall of Secrecy, Devastation". Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
- ^ "North Korea: Whole Generation of Children Affected by North Korean Famine". Reuters. 1999-05-19.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2011-07-08.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Recent news". U.S. Institute of Peace. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
- ^ Stone Fish, Isaac (20 June 2011). "North Korea's Addicting Export: Crystal Meth". Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
- ^ a b "북한지역정보넷". www.cybernk.net. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
- ^ "2·8비날론 연합기업소". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Archived from the original on 2022-03-19. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
- ^ "Hamhung — Narrow Gauge S-Bahn Hamhung — Haenam". transphoto.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
- ^ "Hamhung". transphoto.org. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
- ^ Korea Travel Guide. Lonely Planet. March 2013. ISBN 9781743213827. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
- ^ Ji-young, Sohn (2018-04-20). "[Weekender] Pyongyang vs. Hamhung: Naengmyeons of Korea". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- ^ "Cold noodles - how wintertime specialty became year-round dish". koreatimes. 2018-05-13. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- ^ Hyosun (2016-07-17). "Naengmyeon (Cold Noodles)". Korean Bapsang. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- ^ "Hamheung Naengmyeon: The Cold Noodle Dish from North Korea 🙂 East Asia Wonderlust". www.eastasiawonderlust.com. 2023-10-22. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- ^ Zwirko, Colin (31 December 2018). "New North Korean Sci-Tech Library officially opens after long delay". NK News.
- ^ "The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System (p. 93 - 100)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 14, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
- ^ "Is this the only modern Korea-related novel published by Penguin Classics? | London Korean Links". 22 June 2011.
- ^ Sun, Jiaming (2008). Global Connectivity and Local Transformation: A Micro Approach to Studying the Effect of Globalization on Shanghai. University Press of America. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4616-8182-3.
Further reading
edit- Dormels, Rainer. North Korea's Cities: Industrial facilities, internal structures and typification. Jimoondang, 2014. ISBN 978-89-6297-167-5
External links
edit
- North Korea Uncovered, (North Korea Google Earth) Maps out Hamhung's economic infrastructure, including railways, hotels, tourist destinations, cultural facilities, ports, and electricity grid on Google Earth.
- Hamhung, Haunted City, Compares newly revealed Google Earth imagery of Hamhung—imagery which reveals many of the hills around the city to be packed with graves—with published reports of severe famine in Hamhung during the 1990s.
- Young Pioneer Tours, Information on the opening up of Hamhung to tourists, and details on tours there.
- City profile of Hamhung Archived 2016-03-09 at the Wayback Machine
- video of Hamhŭng streets
- video of central Hamhŭng