John, also known as Hans[1] (né Johannes;[2] 2 February 1455 – 20 February 1513),[3] was a Scandinavian monarch who ruled under the Kalmar Union. He was King of Denmark from 1481 to 1513, King of Norway from 1483 to 1513, and King of Sweden (where he has also been called Johan II[4]) from 1497 to 1501. Additionally, from 1482 to 1513, he held the titles of Duke of Schleswig and Holstein, which he governed jointly with his brother, Frederick.
| John | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| King of Denmark | |
| Reign | 21 May 1481 – 20 February 1513 |
| Coronation | 18 May 1483 Church of Our Lady, Copenhagen |
| Predecessor | Christian I |
| Successor | Christian II |
| King of Norway | |
| Reign | 1483 – 20 February 1513 |
| Coronation | 20 July 1483 Nidaros Cathedral |
| Predecessor | Christian I |
| Successor | Christian II |
| King of Sweden | |
| Reign | 6 October 1497 – August 1501 |
| Coronation | 26 November 1497, Stockholm |
| Predecessor | Charles VIII |
| Successor | Christian II |
| Born | 2 February 1455 Aalborghus Castle, Aalborg |
| Died | 20 February 1513 (aged 58) Aalborghus Castle, Aalborg |
| Burial | St. Canute's Cathedral, Odense (from 1807) |
| Spouse | |
| Issue among others... | Christian II Elizabeth, Electress of Brandenburg Francis Jacob the Dacian (probably) |
| House | Oldenburg |
| Father | Christian I of Denmark |
| Mother | Dorothea of Brandenburg |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
The three most important political goals of King John were the restoration of the Kalmar Union, reduction of the dominance of the Hanseatic League, and the building of a strong Danish royal power.
Biography
editEarly life
editJohn was born on 2 February 1455, probably at Aalborg in Northern Jutland. He was the third but eldest surviving son of Christian I of Denmark and Dorothea of Brandenburg, daughter of Margrave John of Brandenburg.[5]
Reign
edit
In 1458, King Christian I, the father of John, had the Norwegian Council of the Realm commit to electing Christian's eldest son as next king of Norway upon his death. A similar declaration was made in Sweden. In 1467, John was hailed as successor to the throne in Denmark. John used the title heir to the throne of Norway, in line with Norway's old status as a hereditary kingdom, but this was a claim the Norwegian Council did not immediately recognise. Consequently, upon King Christian's death in May 1481, John's position was unchallenged in Denmark, whereas in Norway the Council of the Realm assumed royal authority, and an interregnum ensued. No serious rival candidates to the Norwegian throne existed, but the council was determined to demonstrate Norway's status as a sovereign kingdom. A meeting between the Councils of Denmark, Sweden and Norway was appointed for 13 January 1483 at Halmstad, to work out the terms for electing John as king—his håndfæstning. The Swedish Council failed to turn up at the meeting, but the Norwegian and Danish councils proceeded to produce a joint declaration containing the terms for John's rule, and electing him king. It was hoped that Sweden would later accept the same document and thereby acknowledge John as king. Subsequently, John was crowned King of Denmark in Copenhagen on 18 May, and King of Norway in Trondheim on 20 July.
During the first years of his rule John carried out a balancing policy. By diplomatic means he tried to weaken the position of the Swedish regent Sten Sture, and he also sought new allies—he was the first Danish king to establish political cooperation with Russia. After the 1493 treaty, Ivan III of Russia imprisoned all Hanseatic merchants trading in Novgorod and instigated the Russo-Swedish War (1496–1499). The Hanseatic cities were also troubled by a secret war by Danish privateers. At that time the position of the Hansabund was slowly but steadily declining because of changes in trade routes and the growing opposition against the Hanseatic League in the Northern European naval states.
John's domestic policies were marked by economic support of the Danish merchants and by the widespread use of commoners as officials or even as councillors, something which angered the nobility. The most important of his initiatives was perhaps establishing a permanent Danish navy, one which came to play a role during his later years.
According to the Privilege of Ribe the Noble Diets of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein were to elect a duke among the sons of the previous duke. Many nobles in Schleswig and Holstein preferred John's much younger brother Frederick, but John successfully argued for electing both the late king's sons as co-dukes. Although it was initially agreed they should govern the duchies jointly, at the majority of Frederick (in 1490) the duchies were nevertheless divided.
In the meantime, John had initially approved to join a crusade plan as presented in Rome on 25 March 1490, in which Nordic soldiers would be part of a coalition of armies fighting the Turks of the Ottoman Empire; however, he sent a legate with a letter to Julius II to explain that he had many conflicts at home, which would prevent him from implementing such endeavor.[6]
In June 1495, John set sail with a fleet for Kalmar, Sweden. Along with the Danish and Norwegian Councils, he expected to meet with the Swedish Council. His goal was the reunification of the Nordic region under his rule: a renewed Kalmar Union.[7][8] Along the way from Copenhagen to Kalmar, John's flagship, Gribshunden, suffered an explosion and sank at anchor near the town of Ronneby. John was not aboard at the time; he survived and continued on to Kalmar. However, Sten Sture repeatedly delayed his own arrival, and Hans finally abandoned the summit in August to return exhausted to Copenhagen.[9][10] Direct diplomacy had failed, so John turned to other means to achieve his ambition.
On 6 October 1497, John conquered Sweden during a short and effective military campaign, defeating Sten Sture at the Battle of Rotebro after having undermined his position by winning over most of the Swedish nobility. Sten surrendered to King John in Stockholm and was reconciled with him. John was crowned King of Sweden, and Sten was given the highest position of authority in Sweden below the King.
In 1500, John made an attempt at conquering Dithmarschen (in today's Schleswig-Holstein), an area which the kings of Denmark had long viewed as belonging to their realm, but which was in reality an independent peasant republic under the loose overlordship of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen.[11] By mid-January 1500 John hired the Black Guard of ruthless and violent Dutch and East Frisian mercenaries, commanded by Thomas Slentz, prior operating for Magnus, vicegerent in the Land of Hadeln.[12][13]
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John guaranteed for its safe conduct first southeastwards via Lunenburg-Cellean Winsen upon Luhe and Hoopte, crossing the Elbe by Zollenspieker Ferry to the Hamburg-Lübeckian condominial Bergedorf and Vierlande.[14] From there the Black Guard headed northwestwards again, through Holstein towards Ditmarsh. Together with his brother Frederick, John then carried out a large-scale campaign with the Black Guard, but the Ditmarsians under Wulf Isebrand's command caught most of the Guard in a trap at the Battle of Hemmingstedt after having opened the dykes of the low-land area and flooded the narrow main road. Thus John's attempt to subject the Ditmarsian free peasants to feudalism ended for time being.
The defeat in the Battle of Hemmingstedt on 17 February 1500 hurt John's prestige and in 1501, Sweden renounced him as king. John fought an increasingly more bitter war against Sten Sture and his successor Svante Nilsson, and this conflict meant frictions with both the Danish nobility and the Hanseatic cities, especially Lübeck. In 1509, with the Netherlands acting as arbiter, Sweden agreed to a declaration which recognised John as king of Sweden in principle, but he was never allowed into Stockholm as long as he lived, nor crowned king of Sweden anew.
Meanwhile, Norwegian attempts at opposition were strangled by John's son Prince Christian (afterward King Christian II), who was the viceroy of Norway from 1506 until he became king in 1513. Between 1510 and 1512, the king fought a last war with both Sweden and Lübeck in which Denmark was at first very pressed but, with the help of the Scottish Barton brothers,[15] partly turned the tables with a naval offensive. The result concerning Sweden was the status quo, but Lübeck suffered a real political and economic setback by the peace.
In his own age, and partly to posterity, John has often appeared a "commoner's king", a jolly and plain man with a folksy manner. Behind the surface, however, he seems to have been a hard realist and a zealous political calculator. In many ways he is a Scandinavian parallel of Louis XI of France and Henry VII of England.[citation needed]
Death and burial
edit
In 1513, King John died at Aalborghus Castle a short time after being thrown from his horse. King John was buried in the church of the Franciscan friary in Odense. Queen Christina, who lived the latter part of her life in a nunnery in Odense, commissioned the famous German sculptor Claus Berg to create a magnificent burial chapel, where both she and her husband were laid to rest after her death in 1521. The late Gothic altarpiece carved by Berg between 1515 and 1525 is one of Denmark's national treasures. Each of the three sections is intricately carved and gilded. It survived the iconoclastic fervour of the Protestant Reformation perhaps because of its connection with the royal burials. The son of King John and Queen Christina, King Christian II, with his wife Isabella of Austria, was also interred in the royal family chapel. In 1807, the former Franciscan church was demolished, and Berg's altarpiece and six royal bodies were transferred to St. Canute's Cathedral, also in Odense.
Succession
editThe 32-year-old heir, Christian II of Denmark assumed the throne but was deposed in 1523. John's bloodline eventually returned to the Danish and Norwegian thrones in the person of Christian IV of Denmark, the great-great-grandson of his daughter, Electress Elisabeth.[16]
Full title
editJohn's full title as King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway was: King of Denmark, Sweden, Norway, the Wends and the Goths, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn and Dithmarschen, Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst<ref>Kong Hans (Diplomatarium Norvegicum)</ref>
Issue
editIn 1478, John married Christina of Saxony, daughter of Elector Ernst of Saxony and Elisabeth of Bavaria.[5]
The Danish geneological tradition mentions five children of John and Christina:[17]
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hans | 1479 | 1480 | died as a child |
| Ernst | 1480 | 1480 | died as a child |
| Christian II | 1 July 1481 | 25 January 1559 | King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Had issue. |
| Elizabeth | 24 June 1485 | 10 June 1555 | Married Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg in 1502. Had issue. |
| Francis | 15 July 1497 | 1 April 1511 |
The Oldenburgisch Chronicon from 1599 cites sources mentioning additional sons named Johan and Jacob. Jørgen Nybo Rasmussen has argued that the latter can be identified as Jacobus de Dacia (1484–1566), a Franciscan friar who served as a missionary in Mexico.[18]
During the last decade of his life, John had a relationship with Edele Jernskjæg (died 1512).[19]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Allmand, Christopher (2015-05-21). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 7, c.1415-c.1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 694. ISBN 978-1-107-46076-8.
- ^ Caspar Paludan-Müller De første Konger af den Oldenburgske slægt Reitzels, Köpenhamn 1874 p. 131
- ^ "Hans (konge af Danmark og Norge samt Sverige)". Den Store Danske (in Danish). 2024-02-22. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
- ^ Gillingstam, Hans (1969–1971). "Hans". Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
- ^ a b Lagerqvist, Lars O. (1995). Kings and rulers of Sweden : a pocket encyclopedia. Stockholm: Vincent Publications. p. 32. ISBN 978-91-87064-15-9.
- ^ Møller Jensen 2007, p. 150.
- ^ Gustafsson, Harald (2006-12-06). "A STATE THAT FAILED?: On the Union of Kalmar, Especially its Dissolution". Scandinavian Journal of History. 31 (3–4): 205–220. doi:10.1080/03468750600930720. ISSN 0346-8755.
- ^ Ingvardson, Gitte T.; Müter, Dirk; Foley, Brendan P. (2022-06-01). "Purse of medieval silver coins from royal shipwreck revealed by X-ray microscale Computed Tomography (µCT) scanning". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 43: 103468. Bibcode:2022JArSR..43j3468I. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103468. ISSN 2352-409X.
- ^ Foley, Brendan (2024-01-31). "Interim Report on Gribshunden (1495) Excavations: 2019–2021". Acta Archaeologica. 94 (1): 132–145. doi:10.1163/16000390-09401052. ISSN 0065-101X.
- ^ Christensen, William (1912). Missiver fra Kongerne Christiern I's og Hansʹs tid (in Danish). Gad: Selskabet for Udgivelse af Kilder til Dansk Historie.
- ^ Elke Freifrau von Boeselager, "Das Land Hadeln bis zum Beginn der frühen Neuzeit", in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-7-5), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; 978-3-9801919-8-2), vol. III 'Neuzeit (2008; ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9)', (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. II: pp. 321–388, here p. 332.
- ^ Karl Ernst Hermann Krause (1881), "Johann III., Erzbischof von Bremen", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 14, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 183–185, here p. 184.
- ^ Michael Schütz, "Die Konsolidierung des Erzstiftes unter Johann Rode", in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-7-5), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; 978-3-9801919-8-2), vol. III 'Neuzeit (2008; ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9)', (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. II: pp. 263–278, here p. 267.
- ^ Karl Ernst Hermann Krause (1881), "Johann III., Erzbischof von Bremen", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 14, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 183–185, here p. 185.
- ^ Hannay, Mackie, Spilman, ed., Letters of James IV, SHS (1953), p.xlii
- ^ Hans · Konge af Danmark · Norge fra 1481–1513 og Sverige 1497–1501 (Danske Konger) Archived 1 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Rasmussen, Jørgen Nybo (1986). Broder Jakob den Danske, kong Christian II's yngre broder (PDF) (in Danish). Odense: Odense universitetsforlag. p. 11. ISBN 978-87-7492-583-5.
- ^ Rasmussen, Jørgen Nybo (1986). Broder Jakob den Danske, kong Christian II's yngre broder (in Danish). Odense: Odense universitetsforlag. p. 24. ISBN 978-87-7492-583-5.
- ^ "Edele Jernskæg". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish). 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
Bibliography
edit- Heise, Arnold (1892). "Hans". Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Vol. 6 (1st ed.) – via Project Runeberg.
- Møller Jensen, Janus (2007). Denmark and the Crusades, 1400-1650. BRILL. ISBN 9789047419846.
- Scocozza, Benito (1997). "Hans". Politikens bog om danske monarker [Politiken's book about Danish monarchs] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag. pp. 99–101. ISBN 87-567-5772-7.
External links
edit
- The Royal Lineage Archived 2015-03-14 at the Wayback Machine at the website of the Danish Monarchy