The Hanthawaddy Kingdom (Mon: ဍုၚ် ဟံသာဝတဳ, [hɔŋsawətɔe]; Burmese: ဟံသာဝတီ နေပြည်တော်; also Hanthawaddy Pegu or simply Pegu) was the polity that ruled lower Burma (Myanmar) from 1287 to 1539 and from 1550 to 1552. The Mon-speaking kingdom was founded as Ramaññadesa (Mon: ရးမည, Burmese: ရာမည ဒေသ) by King Wareru following the collapse of the Pagan Empire in 1287[1]: 205–206, 209 as a nominal vassal state of the Sukhothai Kingdom and of the Mongol Yuan dynasty.[2] The kingdom became formally independent of Sukhothai in 1330 but remained a loose federation of three major regional power centres: the Irrawaddy Delta, Bago, and Mottama. Its kings had little or no authority over the vassals. Mottama was in open rebellion from 1363 to 1388.
Kingdom of Hongsarwatoi (Hanthawaddy) Pegu | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1287–1552 | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
 Hanthawaddy in red in the northwest, c. 1450 | |||||||||
| Status | Kingdom | ||||||||
| Capital | Martaban (1287–1364) Donwun (1364–1369) Pegu (1369–1538, 1550–1552) | ||||||||
| Common languages | Mon Old Burmese | ||||||||
| Religion | Theravada Buddhism | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
• 1287–1307 | Wareru | ||||||||
• 1384–1421 | Razadarit | ||||||||
• 1454–1471 | Shin Sawbu | ||||||||
• 1471–1492 | Dhammazedi | ||||||||
• 1492–1526 | Binnya Ran II | ||||||||
| Historical era | Warring states | ||||||||
• Overthrow of Pagan governor | c. January 1285 | ||||||||
• Independence from Pagan | 30 January 1287 | ||||||||
• Vassal of Sukhothai | 1287–1298, 1307–1317, 1330 | ||||||||
| 1385–1424 | |||||||||
• Golden Age | 1426–1534 | ||||||||
| 1534–1541 | |||||||||
• 2nd Fall of Pegu | 12 March 1552 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Myanmar Thailand | ||||||||
History
editThe energetic reign of King Razadarit (r. 1384–1421) cemented the kingdom's existence. Razadarit firmly unified the three Mon-speaking regions—Myaungmya, Donwun, and Martaban—and successfully fended off the northern Burmese-speaking Ava Kingdom in the Forty Years' War (1385–1424), making the western kingdom of Rakhine a tributary from 1413 to 1421 in the process. The war ended in a stalemate but was a victory for Hanthawaddy as Ava finally gave up its dream of restoring the Pagan Empire. In the years following the war, Pegu occasionally aided Ava's southern vassal states of Prome and Taungoo in their rebellions but carefully avoided getting plunged into a full-scale war.
After the war, Hanthawaddy entered its golden age, whereas its rival Ava gradually declined. From the 1420s to the 1530s, Hanthawaddy was the most powerful and prosperous of all the post-Pagan kingdoms. Under a string of especially gifted monarchs – Binnya Ran I, Shin Sawbu, Dhammazedi and Binnya Ran II – it enjoyed a long golden age, profiting from foreign commerce. Its merchants traded with traders from across the Indian Ocean, filling the king's treasury with gold and silver, silk, and spices. The kingdom also became a famous centre of Theravada Buddhism. It established strong ties with Sri Lanka and encouraged reforms that spread throughout the country.[3]
The powerful kingdom's end came abruptly. Since the late 15th century, Ava had tried to win the support of the Taungoo dynasty by entering into marriage alliances with King Mingyi Nyo,[4] however from 1534 onwards, Ava came under constant raids by the Taungoo dynasty from Upper Burma. King Takayutpi could not marshal the kingdom's much greater resources and workforce against the much smaller Taungoo, led by King Tabinshwehti and his deputy general Bayinnaung. Taungoo captured Bago and the Irrawaddy Delta in 1538–9 and Mottama in 1541.[5] The surrendered Pegu officials were offered amnesty and a pardon by Bayinnaung; they accepted and were placed in their old positions.[4]
Hanthawaddy briefly revived in 1550 after Tabinshwehti was assassinated. But the "kingdom" did not extend much outside the city of Bago. Bayinnaung quickly defeated the rebellion in March 1552. Though Taungoo kings would rule all of Lower Burma well into the mid-18th century, the golden age of Hanthawaddy was fondly remembered by the Mon people of Lower Burma. In 1740, they rose up against a weak Taungoo Dynasty on its last legs and founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
- ^ Htin Aung 1967: 78–80
- ^ Myint-U 2006: 64–65
- ^ a b Aung, U. Htin (1967). A History of Burma. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 104, 109.
- ^ Harvey 1925: 153–157
Bibliography
edit- Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
- Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Columbia University Press. LCCN 67-25984. OCLC 473616604.
- Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps: Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0374163426.
- Pan Hla, Nai (2005) [1968]. Razadarit Ayedawbon (in Burmese) (8th printing ed.). Yangon: Armanthit Sarpay.