Haplogroup Q-L275 or Haplogroup Q2 (formerly Haplogroup Q1b) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup believed to have originated in Eurasia. Haplogroup Q-L275 is defined by the presence of the L275 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Haplogroup Q-L275 can be identified through genealogical DNA testing.
| Haplogroup Q-L275 or Q2 | |
|---|---|
| Possible place of origin | Eurasia |
| Ancestor | Q-M242 |
| Descendants | Q-M378 |
| Defining mutations | L275, L314, L606, L612 |
Distribution
editQ-L275 has descendants across Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia. Q-M378 is phylogeographically restricted to southwest Asia.[1]
The Americas
editQ-L275 has not been identified in pre-Columbian groups in the Americas, but is sporadically found among modern Native Americans. Potential sources in indigenous populations are European colonists and religious missionaries. According to Batfaglia, et al, Q-M378 in Native American populations can be attributed to historical migrants from Southwest Asia in the modern historical period.[1]
Asia
editEast Asia
editSouth Asia
editThe problematic phylogeny sampling of early studies has been demonstrated by subsequent studies that have found the Q-M378 descendant branch in South Asia.
West Asia
editAccording to Behar et al. 5% of Ashkenazi males belong to haplogroup Q.[2] This has subsequently been found to be entirely Q-L275's Q-M378 subclade and is further restricted to the Q-L245 branch.
Europe
editSubclade Distribution
editQ-L245 This branch was discovered by citizen scientists. It is a descendant branch of the Q-M378 lineage and is the most common branch in West Asian groups such as Iranians and Jewish populations.
Q-L272.1 This branch was discovered by citizen scientists. It has only been identified in one Sicilian sample.
Q-L301 This branch was discovered by citizen scientists. They have identified it in two unrelated Iranian samples.
Q-L315 This branch was discovered by citizen scientists. It has only been identified in one Ashkenazi Jewish sample. Thus, it is presumed to have arisen after the Q-L245 branch to which it belongs became part of the pre-Diaspora Jewish population.
Q-L327 This branch was discovered by citizen scientists. It has only been identified in one Azorean sample.
Q-L619.2 This branch was discovered by citizen scientists. They have identified it in two unrelated Armenian samples.
Q-P306 This branch was discovered by the University of Arizona research group headed by Dr. Michael Hammer in a Southeast Asian sample. It has been identified by citizen scientists in South Asians.
Q-M378 — It is widely distributed in Europe, South Asia, and West Asia. It is found among samples of Hazaras and Sindhis.[3] It has been found in one individual in a small sample of eleven Lachungpa in Sikkim.[4] It is also found in the Uyghurs of North-Western China in two separate groups.[5] Some Western Jews belong to Q-M378 as well. Q-M378's subbranch Q-L245's subclades Q-Y2200 and Q-YP1035 are the only varieties of haplogroup Q that are found in Ashkenazi Jews.[6] Citizen scientists found that some Sephardic Jews carry different subclades of Q-L245, including Q-BZ3900, Q-YP745, and Q-YP1237.
Associated SNPs
editQ-L275 is currently defined by the SNPs L275, L314, L606, and L612.
Subgroups
editThis is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's Draft tree Proposed Tree for haplogroup Q-L275.
See also
edit- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
- Marsh Arabs (on the Y-DNA Q1b-M378 in Marsh Arabs related to Sumer)
Y-DNA Q-M242 Subclades
editY-DNA Backbone Tree
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Battaglia, Vincenza; Grugni, Viola; Perego, Ugo Alessandro; Angerhofer, Norman; Gomez-Palmieri, J. Edgar; Woodward, Scott Ray; Achilli, Alessandro; Myres, Natalie; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella (21 August 2013). "The First Peopling of South America: New Evidence from Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Q". PLOS ONE. 8 (8): e71390. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...871390B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071390. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3749222. PMID 23990949. "Only two American Y chromosomes did not cluster into the L54 sub-branch. They were both M378-positive, thus belonging to Q1b, a finding never previously reported for Native Americans. Considering that the phylogeography of this infrequent haplogroup is restricted to South West Asia [52]–[55], the most likely interpretation of this outcome is that they represent an arrival from Asia in contemporary history. For this reason the two Y chromosomes were not included in subsequent analyses."
- ^ Behar, Doron M.; Garrigan, Daniel; Kaplan, Matthew E.; Mobasher, Zahra; Rosengarten, Dror; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Ostrer, Harry; Skorecki, Karl (2004). "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations". Human Genetics. 114 (4): 354–65. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1073-7. PMID 14740294. S2CID 10310338.
- ^ Sengupta, Sanghamitra; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; King, Roy; Mehdi, S.Q.; Edmonds, Christopher A.; Chow, Cheryl-Emiliane T.; Lin, Alice A.; Mitra, Mitashree; Sil, Samir K. (2006). "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607.
- ^ Monojit Debnath; Malliya G Palanichamy; Bikash Mitra; Jie-Qiong Jin; Tapas K Chaudhuri; Ya-Ping Zhang (2011). "Y-chromosome haplogroup diversity in the sub-Himalayan Terai and Duars populations of East India". Journal of Human Genetics. 56 (11): 765–771. doi:10.1038/jhg.2011.98. PMID 21900945.
- ^ Zhong, H.; Shi, H.; Qi, X.-B.; Duan, Z.-Y.; Tan, P.-P.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; Ma, R. Z. (2010). "Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (1): 717–27. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247. PMID 20837606.
- ^ Brook, Kevin Alan (2018). The Jews of Khazaria, Third Edition. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 204. ISBN 9781538103425.