The winter of 1880-81 in the United States, referred to as the Hard Winter, the Long Winter or the Snow Winter, was a period of extreme cold and large snowfalls across the central Great Plains region. The winter is depicted in the 1940 novel The Long Winter by Laura Ingalls Wilder and other fictional works.
 A snow blockade in southern Minnesota during the Hard Winter. On March 29, 1881, snowdrifts in Minnesota were higher than locomotives. | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Formed | October 15, 1880 |
| Dissipated | April 1881 |
The Hard Winter began on October 15, 1880, with a blizzard in eastern South Dakota and lasted until April 1881.[1] Some railroads in the region were covered with so much snow that it could not be cleared and trains could not pass, cutting off towns from critical supplies.
An abrupt spring thaw followed the Hard Winter, and flooding along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers caused more hardship. Many towns were damaged, and some were abandoned after the flooding. A flood in Omaha permanently changed the course of the Missouri River.[2] Massive ice jams clogged the Missouri River, and when they broke the downstream areas were inundated. Most of the town of Yankton, in what is now South Dakota, was washed away when the river overflowed its banks after the thaw.[3]
The Long Winter by Laura Ingalls Wilder was once believed to be a fictionalized account of the Hard Winter, which Wilder lived through when she was a teenager. She describes how the winter affected her family and fellow settlers, forcing them to ration food and fuel. The weather details in the book have since been corroborated by meteorological records and other historical accounts of the winter and her accounts are now considered to be mostly factual.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b Mayes Boustead, Barbara (1 Jun 2020). "The Long Winter of 1880/81". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 101 (6): E797–E813. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0014.1. S2CID 213761925.
- ^ Mayes Boustead, Barbara. "Laura's Long Winter: Putting the Hard Winter of 1880-81 Into Perspective" (PDF). Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ Doane Robinson (1904), "Chapter LIII: Dakota Territory History – 1880–1881", History of South Dakota, vol. 1, pp. 306–309