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Harris Wofford

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Harris Llewellyn Wofford Jr.[1] (April 9, 1926 – January 21, 2019) was an American attorney, civil rights activist, and Democratic Party politician who represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate from 1991 to 1995.[2] A noted advocate of national service and volunteering, Wofford was also the fifth president of Bryn Mawr College from 1970 to 1978, served as chairman of the Pennsylvania Democratic Party in 1986 and also as Pennsylvania Secretary of Labor and Industry in the cabinet of Governor Robert P. Casey from 1987 to 1991, and was a surrogate for Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign. He introduced Obama in Philadelphia at the National Constitution Center before Obama's speech on race in America, "A More Perfect Union".

Harris Wofford
Wofford as a U.S. Senator
Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation for National and Community Service
In office
1995–2001
Appointed byBill Clinton
Preceded byEli J. Segal
Succeeded byLeslie Lenkowsky
United States Senator
from Pennsylvania
In office
May 8, 1991 – January 3, 1995
Preceded byJohn Heinz
Succeeded byRick Santorum
Pennsylvania Secretary of Labor and Industry
In office
March 23, 1987 – May 8, 1991
GovernorBob Casey Sr.
Preceded byJames Knepper
Succeeded byTom Foley
Chair of the Pennsylvania Democratic Party
In office
June 28, 1986 – December 6, 1986
Preceded byEdward Mezvinsky
Succeeded byLarry Yatch
5th President of Bryn Mawr College
In office
1970–1978
Preceded byKatharine Elizabeth McBride
Succeeded byMary Patterson McPherson
President of the State University of New York at Old Westbury
In office
1966–1970
Preceded byposition established
Succeeded byJohn D. Maguire
Personal details
Born
Harris Llewellyn Wofford Jr.

(1926-04-09)April 9, 1926
New York City, U.S.
DiedJanuary 21, 2019(2019-01-21) (aged 92)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouses
Clare Lindgren
​
​
(m. 1948; died 1996)​
Matthew Charlton
​
(m. 2016)​
Children3
EducationUniversity of Chicago (BA)
Yale University (LLB)
Signature
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Army
UnitUnited States Army Air Forces
Battles/warsWorld War II

Early life

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Wofford was born in 1926 in Manhattan, New York City, the son of Estelle Allison (née Gardner) and Harris Llewellyn Wofford.[3] He was born to a wealthy and prominent Southern family.[4]

At age 11 he accompanied his widowed grandmother on a six-month world tour. They spent Christmas Eve in Bethlehem, visited Shanghai shortly after the Imperial Japanese Army captured it, spent time in India where Wofford became "fascinated" by Mahatma Gandhi and visited Rome, where they saw Benito Mussolini announce Italy's withdrawal from the League of Nations and a subsequent fascist parade.[4] While attending Scarsdale High School,[5] he was inspired by Clarence Streit's plea for a world government to found the Student Federalists.[6] By the time he was 18, the organization had grown so large that Newsweek predicted he would become president.[4]

He served in the United States Army Air Forces during the Second World War[4] and was a 1948 graduate of the University of Chicago.[4] After eight months on a fellowship in India, conducting a study of the recently assassinated Gandhi, he and his wife Clare returned to America. He subsequently enrolled at historically black Howard Law School, the first white male student to do so.[7] After one year, he concluded his studies at Yale Law School, where he received his law degree in June 1954.[8] He began his public service career as a legal assistant for Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh on the United States Commission on Civil Rights, serving from 1957 to 1959. In 1959, he became a law professor at University of Notre Dame. He was an early supporter of the Civil Rights Movement in the South in the 1950s, accompanying Indian activist Ram Manohar Lohia on a tour of the South in 1951[4] and becoming a friend and unofficial advisor to Martin Luther King Jr.[4]

Kennedy administration

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Wofford first met John F. Kennedy in 1947 at a party at Clare Boothe Luce's Connecticut home.[4] Wofford's political career began in 1960 when Kennedy asked him to join his presidential campaign and work with Sargent Shriver on winning over the "Negro vote".[4]

When King was imprisoned shortly before the election, Wofford and Shriver persuaded Kennedy to call King's wife, Coretta Scott King, who faced the specter of her husband sentenced to hard labor in a Georgia prison for a minor traffic violation while she was in an advanced stage of pregnancy. This prompted Martin Luther King Sr. to switch his endorsement from Richard Nixon to Kennedy[4] without the knowledge of Ted Sorensen, Ted Kennedy and Kenneth O'Donnell.[4][9] Following the phone call, Wofford and other Kennedy aides assembled a pamphlet that referenced the call, printed on blue paper and known as the "blue bomb"; some 2 million copies were circulated, mostly through African American churches—"below the registry of the news and white culture. It had enormous influence among black voters."[10][11]

In 1961, Kennedy appointed him as a Special Assistant to the President for Civil Rights. In the White House, he served as chairman of the Subcabinet Group on Civil Rights. Wofford was instrumental in the formation of the Peace Corps and served as the Peace Corps' special representative to Africa and director of operations in Ethiopia.[4] He was appointed associate director of the Peace Corps in 1964 and held that position until 1966. He also participated in the Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965.[4] Wofford's book Of Kennedys and Kings: Making Sense of the Sixties details his years in the civil rights movement and the creation of the Peace Corps.[12][13]

Academic career and private practice

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In 1966, Wofford left politics to become president of the State University of New York at Old Westbury.[4] At the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago, Wofford risked his career by allowing himself to be arrested in protest of police brutality.[4] In 1970, he became president of Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania, holding that post until 1978.[4]

In 1978, Wofford joined the law firm of Schnader Harrison Segal & Lewis LLP.[14]

Political career

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In Pennsylvania

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After spending seven years in private law practice in Philadelphia, Wofford served as the Chairman of the Pennsylvania Democratic Party from June to December 1986.[15][16] In March 1987, he was appointed by Pennsylvania Governor Robert P. Casey as the state's Secretary of Labor and Industry.[17]

1991 U.S. Senate special election victory

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Main article: 1991 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania
 
Wofford takes the U.S. Senate Oath of Office, administered by Senate President pro Tempore Robert Byrd

On April 4, 1991, Pennsylvania's senior U.S. Senator, H. John Heinz III, died in an aviation accident, leaving his seat in the U.S. Senate open. By law, the Pennsylvania governor was required to appoint a replacement until a special election could be held for the seat. After considering several potential candidates, including Chrysler president and Allentown native Lee Iacocca, who turned down the job, Governor Casey appointed Wofford to the seat on May 8, 1991.[4] He had previously considered running for office, but never thought the opportunity was quite right.[4] He thus became the first Democrat to represent Pennsylvania in the Senate since Joe Clark left office in 1969.[18]

In the special election, held in November 1991, Wofford faced Dick Thornburgh, the former Pennsylvania Governor and U.S. Attorney General under Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush. Candidates for this special election were chosen by the party committees because the vacancy had happened too late to set up a primary. Wofford began the campaign so far behind in the polls that most pundits assumed he had no chance of winning. Indeed, at one point his own internal polls showed him losing by over 40 points. His eventual upset victory over the former governor by ten percentage points surprised many, and was later described as a turning point for the political prospects of President George H. W. Bush.[4][19]

Wofford's campaign was run by Paul Begala and James Carville, and their dramatic success brought them to national attention.[4] Wofford's campaign pivoted on a promise of universal healthcare, and according to political scientist Jacob Hacker, helped propel healthcare reform into national discussion.[20] Themes such as the economy and health care would also be crucial to Bill Clinton's 1992 presidential election victory.[4] In 2015, conservative commentator Rush Limbaugh complained of Wofford, "Health care as a right—you know who started that line of thinking? A guy named Harris Wofford, who was a senator from Pennsylvania."[21]

Although Clinton ultimately chose Al Gore, Wofford was a finalist for the vice presidential nomination.[22]

1994 U.S. Senate defeat

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Main article: 1994 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania

Wofford narrowly lost his 1994 bid for a full term to Republican Rep. Rick Santorum, thirty-two years his junior, who defeated Wofford 49%–47%.[23] The election was part of that year's Republican Revolution, in which many Democrats were ousted from both houses of the United States Congress.[23] Wofford and Tennessee's Jim Sasser were the only incumbent Senators to lose re-election in the 1994 cycle

Subsequent career

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Wofford speaks at Peace Corps ceremony in 2014.

From 1995 to 2001, Wofford served as chief executive officer of the Corporation for National and Community Service, the federal agency that runs AmeriCorps and other domestic volunteer programs.[4]

In 2005, he met Barack Obama. The two became friends and when Obama made his speech on race in America, "A More Perfect Union", Wofford introduced him.[4]

On January 4, 2007, Wofford was present for the swearing-in of Senator Bob Casey Jr., who defeated Santorum in his bid for a third term,[24] and on January 3, 2013, Wofford again accompanied Casey to his swearing-in for a second term on the floor of the Senate.[25]

From 2001, Wofford served on the boards of several charities and service organizations, including America's Promise, Youth Service America and the Points of Light Foundation. He was a trustee to the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Non-Violent Social Change.[26] Between 2007 and 2009, Wofford was the national spokesperson for Experience Wave, a national campaign that sought to advance state and federal policies to make it easier for mid-life and older adults to stay engaged in work and community life.[27]

Wofford was a board member of Malaria No More, a New York-based nonprofit that was launched at the 2006 White House Summit with the goal of ending all deaths caused by malaria. He served on the Board of Selectors of Jefferson Awards for Public Service.[28] He served as a senior fellow at the Case Foundation in Washington, D.C.[18][29]

From 2012 to 2015, Wofford served as a senior advisor to the Franklin Project, a policy program of the Aspen Institute that sought to make a year of service a common opportunity and expectation for young Americans.[30]

In 2014, The New Republic featured Wofford in its 100th Anniversary issue, in a profile titled, "The Man Who Was Everywhere".[31]

Personal life

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Wofford was raised an Episcopalian, and converted to Catholicism in the 1980s.[32]

In 1948, Wofford married Clare Lindgren. The Woffords later had three children. In January 1996, Clare Wofford died of acute leukemia at age 69.[33][34]

In April 2016 at the age of 90, Wofford announced that he would marry interior designer Matthew Charlton, a man 50 years his junior and his companion since 2001.[35][36] That month, he published an opinion piece in The New York Times entitled "Finding Love Again, This Time With a Man".[37] Wofford and Charlton married that year.[23][38][39]

On January 21, 2019, Wofford died at age 92 in Washington, D.C., of complications from a fall.[11] Approximately 1,000 people attended his memorial service held on March 3, 2019, in Cramton Auditorium at Howard University. The Howard University Choir performed and speakers included his husband, his brother, his children, Wayne A.I. Frederick, Tom Wolf, Timothy Shriver, Bob Casey Jr., Bill Clinton (via video), Paul Begala, Ghebre Selassie Mehreteab and Peter Yarrow (via video), among others.[40]

Awards

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  • In 2002, Wofford was the recipient of the John W. Gardner Leadership Award.[41]
  • In 2011, in conjunction with the 50th anniversary of the Peace Corps, the National Peace Corps Association created the Harris Wofford Global Citizen Award. It is given annually to an outstanding global leader who grew up and lives in a country where Peace Corps Volunteers served and whose life was influenced by the Peace Corps. The leader should be a person whose life's work has made a significant contribution to the world in a way that reflects the core Peace Corps values of service, peace, development, human rights, health, and understanding.[42]
  • In 2012, Wofford received the Presidential Citizens Medal.[43]
  • In 2015, Wofford was an honored speaker at the Memorial Tribute to Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh, C.S.C., 1917–2015, President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame, Congregation of Holy Cross and former chairperson of the United States Commission on Civil Rights.[44][better source needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "THE 1991 ELECTION: The Winner Man in the News: Harris Llewellyn Wofford Jr.; Backstage No Longer". The New York Times. November 7, 1991.
  2. ^ "Ex-Sen. Harris Wofford, civil rights activist, dies at age 92". UPI. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
  3. ^ "MISS GARDNER BRIDE OF HARRIS L. WOFFORD – Bishop Gailor Officates at Wedding of Daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Isaac B. Gardner". nytimes.com. July 7, 1922.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Jason Zengerle (November 20, 2014). "The Man Who Was Everywhere". The New Republic. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
  5. ^ "The Eyes of a Schoolboy". Time. November 20, 1944. Archived from the original on December 14, 2008.
  6. ^ Lillenthal, David E. Jr. (March 11, 1949). "Brass Tacks". The Harvard Crimson.
  7. ^ "Wofford profile". King Research and Education Institute. July 5, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  8. ^ "The Experiences of Civil Rights Lawyers in the 1950s and 1960s". Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
  9. ^ Broder, David, and Haynes Johnson, "Of Kennedys and Kings: Making Sense of the Sixties" (1996), The System: The American Way of Politics at the Breaking Point (pg. 4), Little, Brown & Company; ISBN 0-316-46969-6.
  10. ^ "JFK and the Blue Bomb". JFK Library. July 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  11. ^ a b Woo, Elaine (January 22, 2019). "Harris Wofford, civil rights activist who helped Kennedy win the White House, dies at 92". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  12. ^ "The Kennedy era: a new interpretation; Of Kennedys and Kings: Making Sense of Sixties, by Harris Wofford. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. $17.50". The Christian Science Monitor. August 11, 1980. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  13. ^ "Of Kennedys and Kings: Making Sense of the Sixties—Kirkus Review". Kirkus Reviews. June 26, 1980.
  14. ^ "John F. Kennedy Library and Museum Biographical Profiles: Harris Wofford". Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  15. ^ Stoffer, Harry (June 30, 1986). "PA Democrats Elect Wofford Chairman". The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
  16. ^ Neri, Al (December 4, 1986). "Casey expected to back Yatch to direct Democrats in state". The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
  17. ^ "Wofford Is Sworn In As P.A. Labor Secretary". The Philadelphia Inquirer. March 24, 1987. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  18. ^ a b Williams, Brien (June 12, 2009). "Interview with Harris Wofford by Brien Williams". George J. Mitchell Oral History Project. Archived from the original on September 22, 2018 – via Bowdoin.edu (digital commons).
  19. ^ Michael DeCourcy Hinds (November 6, 1991). "Wofford Wins Senate Race, Turning Back Thornburgh; G.O.P. Gains Edge In Trenton". The New York Times.
  20. ^ Rojas, Warren; Rojas, Warren (March 3, 2016). "100 Years on the Front Lines of History". Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  21. ^ "Times Frets: Health Care Not a Right?". The Rush Limbaugh Show. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  22. ^ Ifil, Gwen (July 10, 1992). "Clinton Selects Senator Gore of Tennessee as Running Mate". The New York Times.
  23. ^ a b c McFadden, Robert D. (January 22, 2019). "Harris Wofford, 92, ex-senator who pushed volunteerism, is dead". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  24. ^ Tom Curry (January 4, 2007). "Chance to enjoy foes' defeat on opening day". NBC News. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
  25. ^ "U.S. Senate swearing-in (113th U.S. Congress)". C-SPAN.org. January 3, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  26. ^ "SENATOR HARRIS L. WOFFORD". Civic Enterprises. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
  27. ^ Jan Warner and Jan Collins (March 18, 2007). "'Wave' of older workers flooding U.S. job market". Inside Bay Area. Archived from the original on December 25, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
  28. ^ "Board | youth community | service award | Jefferson Awards.org". Archived from the original on August 22, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  29. ^ "Meeting for Managers of NGO and Corporate Volunteer Programs: Participants List" (PDF). Brookings Institution. June 14, 2006. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  30. ^ O'Leary, Tara (March 27, 2014). "Harris Wofford to deliver spring installment of Hesburgh Libraries Lecture Series". Notre Dame News. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  31. ^ Zengerle, Jason (November 21, 2014). "The Man Who Was Everywhere". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  32. ^ "Wofford Champions Navy Yard". philly-archives. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015.
  33. ^ "Clare Wofford, 69, College Official". The New York Times. January 5, 1996.
  34. ^ "Clare Wofford, 69, Not Just A Politician's Wife". philly-archives. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016.
  35. ^ "Finding Love Again, This Time With a Man". The New York Times. April 24, 2016.
  36. ^ "Former Philadelphia senator: Wofford is set to wed his male partner Charlton". Spilled News. April 2, 2016. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  37. ^ Wofford, Harris (April 23, 2016). "Opinion | Finding Love Again, This Time With a Man". The New York Times.
  38. ^ "Former Sen. Harris Wofford dies at 92". January 23, 2019.
  39. ^ "Harris Wofford, civil rights activist and former senator, dies at 92". The Philadelphia Tribune. January 22, 2019.
  40. ^ Armstrong, Jenice (March 2, 2019). "Harris Wofford is remembered at Howard University, where his civil rights career began". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
  41. ^ "John W. Gardner Leadership Award". Independent Sector. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  42. ^ "Awards – National Peace Corps Association".
  43. ^ Kasie Coccaro (February 15, 2013). "President Obama to Honor Recipients of the 2012 Citizens Medal". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved February 15, 2013 – via National Archives.
  44. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLb7-qtbdxM, minute 1:00:00.
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Academic offices
Preceded by President of Bryn Mawr College
1970–1978 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Chair of the Pennsylvania Democratic Party
1986–1986 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania
(Class 1)
1991, 1994 		Succeeded by
Government offices
Preceded by Pennsylvania Secretary of Labor and Industry
1987–1991 		Succeeded by
Preceded by CEO of the Corporation for National and Community Service
1995–2001 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by United States Senator (Class 1) from Pennsylvania
1991–1995
Served alongside: Arlen Specter 		Succeeded by
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