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Harrison, New Jersey

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For the township in Gloucester County, see Harrison Township, New Jersey. For the preceding township in the county, see Harrison Township, Hudson County, New Jersey.

Harrison is a town in the western part of Hudson County in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is part of the New York metropolitan area. It is a suburb of the nearby city of Newark, New Jersey, and is located 8 miles (13 km) from New York City. Once considered "the beehive of industry", the town is undergoing a residential renewal, particularly along the Passaic River.[20]

Harrison, New Jersey
Town
Urby Harrison, January 2018
Urby Harrison, January 2018
Official seal of Harrison, New Jersey
Seal
Motto: 
"Beehive of Industry"[1]
Map
Interactive map of Harrison
Harrison is located in Hudson County, New Jersey
Harrison
Harrison
Location in Hudson County
Harrison is located in New Jersey
Harrison
Harrison
Location in New Jersey
Harrison is located in the United States
Harrison
Harrison
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 40°44′35″N 74°09′10″W / 40.742978°N 74.152911°W / 40.742978; -74.152911[2][3]
Country United States
State New Jersey
CountyHudson
IncorporatedApril 13, 1840 (as township)
ReincorporatedMarch 25, 1869 (as town)
Named forWilliam Henry Harrison
Government
[7]
 • TypeTown
 • BodyTown Council
 • MayorJames A. Fife (D, term ends December 31, 2026)[4][5]
 • Municipal clerkPaul J. Zarbetski[6]
Area
[8]
 • Total
1.33 sq mi (3.44 km2)
 • Land1.21 sq mi (3.14 km2)
 • Water0.12 sq mi (0.30 km2)  8.72%
 • Rank466th of 565 in state
8th of 12 in county[2]
Elevation
[9]
20 ft (6 m)
Population
 (2020)[10][11]
 • Total
19,458
 • Estimate 
(2023)[10][12]
20,520
 • Rank142nd of 565 in state
9th of 12 in county[13]
 • Density16,061.1/sq mi (6,201.2/km2)
  • Rank15th of 565 in state
8th of 12 in county[13]
Time zoneUTC−05:00 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (Eastern (EDT))
ZIP Code
07029[14][15]
Area code(s)973[16]
FIPS code3401730210[2][17][18]
GNIS feature ID0885245[2][19]
Websitetownofharrison.com

As of the 2020 United States census, the town's population was 19,450,[10][11] an increase of 5,830 (+42.8%) from the 2010 census count of 13,620,[21][22] which in turn reflected a decrease of 804 (−5.6%) from the 14,424 counted in the 2000 census.[23]

History

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Colonial era to 19th century

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The area that is now Harrison was the southernmost part of the 15,308-acre (23.919 sq mi; 61.95 km2) land grant awarded to William Sandford in 1668. When that grant was divided in 1671 between Sandford and his uncle, Nathaniel Kingsland of Barbados, Sandford's 5,000-acre (2,000 ha) share included Harrison. While Sandford and his family established a plantation on the northern portion of his tract, there is no evidence they developed any significant part of Harrison. Upon his death in 1691, Sandford's land passed to his wife, Sarah Sandford (née Whartman). Upon her death c. 1719, she passed most of the land, including Harrison, to her son William (c. 1670–1733).[24] In 1729, William transferred the southern parts of his upland to three of his sons, John, Robert and Peter, each receiving a 300-acre (120 ha) lot that included a portion of Harrison's upland. John and Robert sold their lots to members of the Schuyler family in 1733 and 1736, respectively, and migrated westward, John to Newark and Robert to Pine Brook. The disposition of Peter's lot is not known, but no further record of him is found in or near Harrison.[25]

A road to the Hudson Waterfront was completed in 1750, named for Douwe's Ferry which it met at its eastern end to cross the Hackensack River.[26] In 1790 the state legislature decided that "public good would be served by a 64-foot road from Paulus Hook to Newark Courthouse". By 1795, a bridge over the Hackensack 950 feet (290 m) long and another over the Passaic 492 feet (150 m) long (at the site of the Bridge Street Bridge) were built creating an uninterrupted toll road connection.[27] It is now known as the Newark Turnpike.

In 1826, the New Jersey Legislature formed Lodi Township from the southern portion of New Barbadoes Neck in Bergen County.[28][29] Since Lodi Township was part of Bergen County, matters dealing with the county government and courts had to be taken to Hackensack.

In 1840, the inhabitants of Lodi Township joined with present-day Secaucus, Bayonne, Jersey City, Hoboken, Weehawken, and Union City and petitioned for the creation of a new county due to the great distance which the petitioners had to travel to reach the county seat in Hackensack. This appeal resulted in the creation of Hudson County and the first mention of Harrison occurs in the law which was passed on April 13, 1840. Harrison Township was thereby established.[29][30]

The first committee meeting of the Township of Harrison was held on April 16, 1840, and it is widely accepted that Harrison was named for President William Henry Harrison, who was elected that year.[31]

19th century to present

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Union Township (now Lyndhurst) was created as of February 19, 1852, from portions of the township and became part of Bergen County.[29]

General N. N. Halstead succeeded in getting the necessary laws passed in Trenton and on April 8, 1867, Kearny became a separate Township from land that was a part of Harrison, which included East Newark at the time; East Newark later seceded from Kearny, establishing their own Borough.[29] On March 25, 1869, Harrison town was incorporated, replacing the township.[29]

While campaigning for re-election in 1912, President William Howard Taft told residents gathered for a rally that "you have reason to be proud of this Hive of Industry", from which was coined the town's motto, "The Beehive of Industry", which is still used today.[1][30]

The town's proximity to rail lines and a large waterfront made Harrison favorably situated for trade. Some of the industries which called Harrison home included the Edison Lamp Works, Worthington Pump and Machinery, the RCA Company, the Peter Hauck Brewery, Driver-Harris Company, Crucible Steel Company, Otis Elevator, Hartz Mountain, Remco Industries, Nopco Chemical and Hyatt Roller Bearing.[32]

As the U.S. moved into the 20th century, these facilities played a major role in the development of new products for both the private and public sector, peaking during World War II. The small town of about only 14,000 residents had more than 90,000 workers commuting into it on a daily basis.[30] In the 21st century the town is undergoing a transformation from a manufacturing center to a residential and service sector town.[33]

Geography

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the town had a total area of 1.33 square miles (3.44 km2), including 1.21 square miles (3.14 km2) of land and 0.12 square miles (0.30 km2) of water (8.72%).[2][3] Unincorporated communities located partially or completely within Harrison include Manhattan Transfer.[34]

The town borders the municipalities of East Newark and Kearny in Hudson County; and Newark across the Passaic River in Essex County.[35][36][37]

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18501,344—
18602,55690.2%
18704,12961.5%
18806,89867.1%
18908,32820.7%
190010,59627.2%
191014,49836.8%
192015,7218.4%
193015,601−0.8%
194014,171−9.2%
195013,490−4.8%
196011,743−13.0%
197011,8110.6%
198012,2423.6%
199013,4259.7%
200014,4247.4%
201013,620−5.6%
202019,45042.8%
2023 (est.)20,520[10][12]5.5%
Population sources: 1850–1920[38]
1850–1900[39] 1850–1870[40]
1850[41] 1870[42] 1880–1890[43]
1890–1910[44] 1870–1930[45]
1940–2000[46]> 2000[47][48]
2010[49][21][22] 2020[10][11]

2020 census

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The 2020 United States census counted 19,450 people, and 7,888 households. The population density was 16,061.1 persons per square mile. The racial makeup was 38.8% White, 5.9% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 19.8% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, and 11.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 51.4% of the population. The median househould income for Harrison was $68,494.00.[50]

2010 census

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The 2010 United States census counted 13,620 people, 4,869 households, and 3,262 families in the town. The population density was 11,319.3 per square mile (4,370.4/km2). There were 5,228 housing units at an average density of 4,344.9 per square mile (1,677.6/km2). The racial makeup was 58.30% (7,941) White, 2.18% (297) Black or African American, 0.56% (76) Native American, 16.28% (2,217) Asian, 0.01% (2) Pacific Islander, 18.48% (2,517) from other races, and 4.19% (570) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 44.18% (6,017) of the population.[21]

Of the 4,869 households, 31.8% had children under the age of 18; 44.2% were married couples living together; 15.0% had a female householder with no husband present and 33.0% were non-families. Of all households, 22.1% were made up of individuals and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.23.[21]

20.8% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 35.0% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34.0 years. For every 100 females, the population had 105.7 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 105.7 males.[21]

2000 census

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As of the 2000 United States census[17] there were 14,424 people, 5,136 households, and 3,636 families residing in the town. The population density was 11,811.1 inhabitants per square mile (4,560.3/km2). There were 5,254 housing units at an average density of 4,302.2 per square mile (1,661.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 66.10% White, 0.98% African American, 0.40% Native American, 11.89% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 15.96% from other races, and 4.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 36.97% of the population.[47][48]

As of the 2000 census, 7.22% of Harrison's residents identified themselves as being of Chinese ancestry. This was the fifth-highest percentage of people with Chinese ancestry in any place in New Jersey with 1,000 or more residents identifying their ancestry.[51]

There were 5,136 households, out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.27.[47][48]

In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.5% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 36.8% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.2 males.[47][48]

The median income for a household in the town was $41,350, and the median income for a family was $48,489. Males had a median income of $33,069 versus $26,858 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,490. About 10.1% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.5% of those under age 18 and 10.8% of those age 65 or over.[47][48]

Government

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Local government

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Town Hall

Harrison is governed under the Town form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 9 municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use this form.[52] The governing body is comprised of the mayor and Town Council, all of whom are elected on a partisan basis as part of the November general elections. A mayor is elected directly by the voters at-large to a four-year term of office. The Town Council includes eight members who are elected to serve four-year terms on a staggered basis, with one seat from each of the town's four wards up for vote one year, one seat from each of the four wards up the next year and then two years with no elections.[7][53]

The town is divided into four electoral wards, with each ward represented by two council members, with a total of eight council members on the Town Council. Each ward is divided into three districts (except for the 1st Ward, which has two districts), for a total of 11 electoral districts. The head of the government is the mayor. The mayor chairs the Town Council and heads the municipal government. The Mayor may both vote on legislation before the council and veto ordinances. The Mayor's veto can be overruled by ¾ of the Town Council voting to overrule the veto. Town Council meetings are held on the first Tuesday of the month at 7:00 pm (except in July and August, when no meetings are held, at the call of the chairman), in Council Chambers, which is located on the second floor of the Town Hall at 318 Harrison Avenue. Public Caucus Meetings are held at 6:30 pm.

As of 2022, the Mayor of Harrison is Democrat James A. Fife, who is serving a term of office ending December 31, 2022.[4] Members of the Harrison Town Council are Laurence M. Bennett (D, 2022; Ward 3), Maria J. Camano (D, 2023; Ward 1), Michael T. Dolaghan (D, 2023; Ward 4), James P. Doran (D, 2022; Ward 4), Jesus R. Huaranga (D, 2022; Ward 1), Ellen Mendoza (D, 2022; Ward 2), Delfim Sarabando (D, 2023; Ward 3 – appointed to serve an unexpired term) and Eleanor Villalta (D, 2023; Ward 2).[4][6][54][55][56][57]

Harrison had one of the longest-serving mayors in United States history, Frank E. Rodgers, who was first elected in 1946, defeating incumbent Frederick J. Gassert who had served for 16 years, and served for 48 years, from 1947 to 1995, being elected to 24 two-year terms. He also served two terms in the New Jersey State Senate, from 1978 to 1984.[58]

While serving a term scheduled to end on December 31, 2014, longtime Mayor Raymond McDonough died on February 12, 2014, after suffering a heart attack at town hall.[59] Later that month, the town council selected James Fife, a former Harrison High School principal, to complete term of McDonough's seat as mayor, which he had held since 1995.[60]

In 2018, the town had an average property tax bill of $11,109, the highest in the county, compared to an average bill of $8,767 statewide.[61]

In February 2022, the Town Council selected Delfim Sarabando from a list of three candidates nominated by the Democratic municipal committee to fille the Ward 3 council seat expiring in December 2023 that had been held by Francisco Nascimento until he stepped down from office.[62]

Federal, state, and county representation

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Harrison is located in the 8th Congressional District[63] and is part of New Jersey's 29th state legislative district.[64]

For the 118th United States Congress, New Jersey's 8th congressional district is represented by Rob Menendez (D, Jersey City).[65][66] New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2027)[67] and George Helmy (Mountain Lakes, term ends 2024).[68][69]

For the 2024-2025 session, the 29th legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Teresa Ruiz (D, Newark) and in the General Assembly by Eliana Pintor Marin (D, Newark) and Shanique Speight (D, Newark).[70]

Hudson County is governed by a directly elected County Executive and by a Board of County Commissioners, which serves as the county's legislative body. As of 2024, Hudson County's County Executive is Craig Guy (D, Jersey City), whose term of office expires December 31, 2027.[71] Hudson County's Commissioners are:[72][73][74]

Kenneth Kopacz (D, District 1-- Bayonne and parts of Jersey City; 2026, Bayonne),[75][76] William O'Dea (D, District 2-- western parts of Jersey City; 2026, Jersey City),[77][78] Vice Chair Jerry Walker (D, District 3-- southeastern parts of Jersey City; 2026, Jersey City),[79][80] Yraida Aponte-Lipski (D, District 4-- northeastern parts of Jersey City; 2026, Jersey City),[81][82] Chair Anthony L. Romano Jr. (D, District 5-- Hoboken and adjoining parts of Jersey City; 2026, Hoboken),[83][84] Fanny J.Cedeno (D, District 6-- Union City; 2026, Union City),[85][86] Caridad Rodriguez (D, District 7-- West New York (part), Weehawken, Guttenberg; 2026, West New York),[87][88] Robert Baselice (D, District 8-- North Bergen, West New York (part), Seacaucus (part); 2026, North Bergen),[89][90] and Albert Cifelli (D, District 9-- East Newark, Harrison, Kearny, and Secaucus (part); 2026, Harrison).[91][92]

Hudson County's constitutional officers are: Clerk E. Junior Maldonado (D, Jersey City, 2027),[93][94] Sheriff Frank Schillari, (D, Jersey City, 2025)[95] Surrogate Tilo E. Rivas, (D, Jersey City, 2024)[96][97] and Register Jeffery Dublin (D, Jersey City, 2024).[98][97]

Politics

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As of March 2011, there were a total of 5,454 registered voters in Harrison, of which 3,207 (58.8%) were registered as Democrats, 312 (5.7%) were registered as Republicans and 1,934 (35.5%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There was one voter registered to another party.[99]

In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 78.4% of the vote (2,699 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 20.0% (689 votes), and other candidates with 1.6% (54 votes), among the 3,473 ballots cast by the town's 5,940 registered voters (31 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 58.5%.[100][101] In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 68.0% of the vote (2,347 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 30.0% (1,036 votes) and other candidates with 1.1% (38 votes), among the 3,453 ballots cast by the town's 5,827 registered voters, for a turnout of 59.3%.[102] In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 64.8% of the vote (2,142 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 34.1% (1,128 votes) and other candidates with 0.3% (16 votes), among the 3,306 ballots cast by the town's 5,411 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 61.1.[103]

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 53.2% of the vote (896 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 45.2% (762 votes), and other candidates with 1.6% (27 votes), among the 1,718 ballots cast by the town's 6,032 registered voters (33 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 28.5%.[104][105] In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 69.0% of the vote (1,542 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 24.8% (554 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 3.9% (87 votes) and other candidates with 1.3% (30 votes), among the 2,234 ballots cast by the town's 5,225 registered voters, yielding a 42.8% turnout.[106]

Emergency services

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Police

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In the 1870s, the township was patrolled by Phillip Mulligan and four constables. In 1878, Mulligan was eventually appointed "Police Justice" and in 1885, an ordinance was passed to regulate and establish a police department. In 1891, the first police officers were appointed under the 1895 ordinance. Michael Rodgers (father of Mayor Frank E. Rodgers) was among those appointed. He eventually became the first chief of police.

On March 28, 1897, Officer John J. Clark was electrocuted while investigating a downed power line, becoming the first Harrison police officer to die in the line of duty. A plaque at police headquarters is dedicated in his memory.[citation needed]

The Harrison Police Department is presently led by Chief of Police David Strumolo, who was sworn in March 2018. The department currently consists of 39 members, down from a one-time high of 67 officers in the 1990s. The department consists of several divisions; Administrative, Patrol, Detective, Traffic Safety, Street Crimes, and Community Policing. The department participates in National Night Out, and various cultural and civic events, as well as "meet and greets."[107]

The department was among the many Hudson County agencies that responded to the January 2009 crash of Flight 1549, for which they received accolades from the survivors.[108][109]

The Harrison Police Department is recognized as an "accredited police agency" by the New Jersey Law Enforcement Accreditation Commission and the New Jersey Association of Chiefs of Police.[citation needed][110]

Fire

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Fire Department headquarters

The Harrison Fire Department operates out of a fire station located at 634 Sussex Street and operates a fire apparatus fleet of three engines, one ladder, and several support units and spares. Due to cutbacks, the HFD usually is able to staff one engine with three members and one ladder with three members and one tour commander on duty. The HFD has a table of organization of 29 firefighters. In April 2013, officials from neighboring municipalities and fire departments expressed their frustration at the stresses placed on their firefighters in covering fires in Harrison.[111] Currently Harrison is staffing two engines and one ladder 24/7.

  • Engine 1 (spare) 1994 Emergency-One Sentry 1250/750
  • Engine 2 2020 Pierce Enforcer 1500/750
  • Engine 3 2006 Emergency-One Typhoon 1500/720/10/20
  • Ladder 1 2018 Pierce Arrow 107' Tillered Aerial
  • Ladder 2 (spare) 1991 Duplex/LTI 110' Tillered Aerial
  • Battalion Chief 2019 Ford Explorer Interceptor •Deputy Chief 2013 Ford Expedition

EMS

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As of January 1, 2014, Monmouth Ocean Hospital Service Corporation (MONOC) EMS provides 9-1-1 ambulance service to the city of Harrison and nearby East Newark. As part of the agreement, MONOC pays a $1,500 monthly fee for its use of the firehouse on Cleveland Avenue that had previously been used by Harrison Emergency Management Services.[112]

Education

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Washington Middle School

The Harrison Public Schools serves students in kindergarten through twelfth grade. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide that were established pursuant to the decision by the New Jersey Supreme Court in Abbott v. Burke[113] which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority.[114][115] As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of four schools, had an enrollment of 2,409 students and 166.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.5:1.[116] Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics[117]) are Harrison Early Childhood Program[118] (grades Pre-K3 and Pre-K4), Lincoln Elementary School[119] with 620 students in grades Pre-K to 3, Hamilton Intermediate School[120] with 307 students in grades 4–5, Washington Middle School[121] with 438 students in grades 6–8, and Harrison High School[122] with 692 students in grades 9–12.[123][124]

Holy Cross School of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark operated until 2009, when it merged into Mater Dei Academy in Kearny; the merged school closed in 2012.[125]

Civic organizations

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Harrison Lions Club was chartered on July 25, 1951. The Harrison Club is part of Multiple District 16 (New Jersey) which is part of Lions Clubs International (LCI), the world's largest service organization. The club supports and provides financial aid to the district, state, and international sight projects and is also involved in community programs.[126]

Transportation

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View west along Interstate 280 in Harrison
 
Harrison station
 
Jackson Street Bridge connects Harrison to the Newark Ironbound

Roads and highways

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As of May 2010, the town had a total of 18.15 miles (29.21 km) of roadways, of which 15.23 miles (24.51 km) were maintained by the municipality, 1.57 miles (2.53 km) by Hudson County and 1.35 miles (2.17 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.[127]

Interstate 280 runs through the center of the town.[128] Westward, I-280 leads to Route 21, the Garden State Parkway, and Interstate 80. Eastward, it leads to Route 7 and the New Jersey Turnpike.[129]

Replacement of Interstate 280's partial access in central Harrison with service roads, a new interchange, and an overpass (to improve access to Harrison Avenue, the PATH station, and Red Bull Arena, and to give north–south passage to local street traffic) is in the planning stages.[130][131]

Public transportation

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The Harrison station on the PATH rapid transit system offers service to Newark, Jersey City, Hoboken and New York City. The station was built in 1913 and relocated to its present location in 1936. A major reconstruction for the Harrison Station was approved on March 28, 2012, and construction started in January 2013.[132] The completion target, originally scheduled for April 2017, was tentatively moved to 2018;[133] the expansion of the station was completed on June 15, 2019.[134]

The Northeast Corridor, built in the 19th century by the Pennsylvania Railroad and now owned by Amtrak, carries NJ Transit trains, and passes through the city on the same alignment as the PATH. There was a stop on the Northeast Corridor in Harrison, but it was eliminated due to the ease of picking up trains in Newark at Penn Station.

Harrison is served by buses operated by several bus companies. NJ Transit offers service within New Jersey on the 30, 40 routes.[135][136][137]

The closest airport in New Jersey with scheduled passenger service is Newark Liberty International Airport, located 4.8 miles (7.7 km) away in Newark and Elizabeth.

Harrison Waterfront Development Plan

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Old and new on the Passaic

The Harrison Waterfront Redevelopment Plan invited developers to submit plans that capitalize on the presence of the Harrison PATH Station and the Passaic River within a 275-acre (1.11 km2) area that covers 35% of the whole town. The Plan seeks to unite the developers' proposals with a design theme that includes motifs from Harrison's industrial, cultural, and environmental history as a means of fostering a new identity for Harrison that provides a variety of mixed-use, transit-oriented, pedestrian-scale development that will make Harrison a regional destination.[138][139]

Red Bull Arena

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Harrison is the location of the Red Bull Arena soccer stadium, home of the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer and NJ/NY Gotham FC of the National Women's Soccer League. After years of construction delays, the arena opened on March 20, 2010, with an exhibition game against the Brazilian club Santos FC.[140] The soccer-specific stadium (SSS) was constructed at a cost of $200 million and has a capacity of approximately 25,000, with a natural grass field, featuring a full wavy translucent European-style roof that covers all of the seats in the stadium but not the field.[141] The stadium sits alongside the Passaic River with a view of the New York and Newark skyline, and is accessible via public transportation at the PATH train station in Harrison.[142] The stadium is owned and operated by Red Bull GmbH.[143]

Notable people

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See also: Category:People from Harrison, New Jersey

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Harrison include:

References

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  1. ^ a b Jones, Richard G. "As Newark Neighbor Moves Toward Rebirth, Some Pains Are Felt" Archived June 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, February 21, 2007. Accessed December 15, 2011. "It was a sobering descent from the days when Harrison, which juts into the Passaic River just across from Newark, was the city where the likes of R.C.A., Otis Elevator and Thomas A. Edison helped forge the town's motto: 'Beehive of Industry.'"
  2. ^ a b c d e 2019 Census Gazetteer Files: New Jersey Places Archived March 21, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, United States Census Bureau. Accessed July 1, 2020.
  3. ^ a b US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990 Archived August 24, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014.
  4. ^ a b c Mayor and City Council, Town of Harrison. Accessed February 28, 2023.
  5. ^ 2023 New Jersey Mayors Directory, New Jersey Department of Community Affairs, updated February 8, 2023. Accessed February 10, 2023.
  6. ^ a b 2022 Municipal Data Sheet, Town of Harrison. Accessed May 22, 2022.
  7. ^ a b 2012 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book, Rutgers University Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, March 2013, p. 142.
  8. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
  9. ^ "Town of Harrison". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  10. ^ a b c d e QuickFacts Harrison town, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 20, 2022.
  11. ^ a b c Total Population: Census 2010 - Census 2020 New Jersey Municipalities, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed December 1, 2022.
  12. ^ a b Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Jersey: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023, United States Census Bureau, released May 2024. Accessed May 16, 2024.
  13. ^ a b Population Density by County and Municipality: New Jersey, 2020 and 2021, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed March 1, 2023.
  14. ^ Look Up a ZIP Code for Harrison, NJ Archived March 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, United States Postal Service. Accessed September 4, 2011.
  15. ^ Zip Codes Archived October 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, State of New Jersey. Accessed September 11, 2013.
  16. ^ Area Code Lookup – NPA NXX for Harrison, NJ Archived August 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Area-Codes.com. Accessed September 11, 2013.
  17. ^ a b U.S. Census website Archived December 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014.
  18. ^ Geographic Codes Lookup for New Jersey, Missouri Census Data Center. Accessed April 1, 2022.
  19. ^ US Board on Geographic Names Archived February 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, United States Geological Survey. Accessed September 4, 2014.
  20. ^ Brenzel, Kathryn. "Ready to move: How Harrison is transforming from an industrial powerhouse" Archived May 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, May 11, 2015. Accessed August 31, 2015.
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  24. ^ Olson, Sharon; Schopfer, Chris (May 2017). "The Early Sandford Family in New Jersey, Revisited". The Genealogical Magazine of New Jersey: 99.
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  28. ^ Bergen County New Jersey Municipalities Archived August 23, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Dutch Door Genealogy. Accessed December 15, 2011. "Lodi Township was formed March 1, 1826 from area taken from New Barbadoes Township. In 1840 a part of its area was transferred to Harrison Township in Hudson County."
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  32. ^ "Harrison H&M station with Hyatt Roller Bearing plant sign in the background (Photograph by Joel Shanus; Date Unknown) -- WorldNYCSubway.org". Archived from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
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  41. ^ Debow, James Dunwoody Brownson. The Seventh Census of the United States: 1850 Archived January 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, p. 139. R. Armstrong, 1853. Accessed July 26, 2013.
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  47. ^ a b c d e Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Harrison town, New Jersey Archived January 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, United States Census Bureau. Accessed November 12, 2012.
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  61. ^ Marcus, Samantha. "These are the towns with the highest property taxes in each of N.J.’s 21 counties" Archived November 5, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, April 22, 2019. Accessed November 5, 2019. "The average property tax bill in New Jersey was $8,767 last year. But there can be big swings from town to town and county to county.... The average property tax bill in Harrison was $11,109 in 2018, the highest in Hudson County."
  62. ^ "Portuguese Club President Sworn in at Club", YourHarrison.com, February 23, 2022. Accessed May 22, 2022. "The Centro Romeu Cascaes Portuguese American Club President, Delfim Sarabando was sworn in to take over the seat of current Harrison Third Ward Councilmember Francisco Nascimento, a fellow Portuguese-American. Councilman Nascimento retired and stopped attending Mayor & Council meetings several months ago."
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  75. ^ Freeholder District 1, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 17, 2017.
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  77. ^ Freeholder District 2, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 17, 2017.
  78. ^ William O'Dea, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 17, 2017.
  79. ^ Freeholder District 3, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 17, 2017.
  80. ^ Gerard M. Balmir Jr., Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 17, 2017.
  81. ^ Freeholder District 4, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 17, 2017.
  82. ^ E. Junior Maldonado, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 17, 2017.
  83. ^ Freeholder District 5, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 17, 2017.
  84. ^ Anthony L. Romano, Jr., Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 17, 2017.
  85. ^ Freeholder District 6, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 17, 2017.
  86. ^ Tilo Rivas, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 17, 2017.
  87. ^ Freeholder District 7, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 17, 2017.
  88. ^ Caridad Rodriguez, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 17, 2017.
  89. ^ Freeholder District 8, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 17, 2017.
  90. ^ Anthony P. Vainieri Jr., Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 17, 2017.
  91. ^ Freeholder District 9, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 17, 2017.
  92. ^ Albert J. Cifelli, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed August 17, 2017.
  93. ^ E. Junior Maldonado Archived September 2, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Hudson County Clerk. Accessed January 30, 2018.
  94. ^ Members List: Clerks Archived October 23, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Constitutional Officers Association of New Jersey. Accessed January 30, 2018.
  95. ^ Home page, Hudson County Sheriff's Office. Accessed August 17, 2017.
  96. ^ Hudson County Surrogate, Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed March 26, 2021.
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  99. ^ Voter Registration Summary – Hudson Archived May 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, March 23, 2011. Accessed November 13, 2012.
  100. ^ "Presidential General Election Results – November 6, 2012 – Hudson County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. March 15, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  101. ^ "Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast – November 6, 2012 – General Election Results – Hudson County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. March 15, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  102. ^ 2008 Presidential General Election Results: Hudson County Archived May 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 23, 2008. Accessed November 13, 2012.
  103. ^ 2004 Presidential Election: Hudson County Archived May 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 13, 2004. Accessed November 13, 2012.
  104. ^ "Governor – Hudson County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  105. ^ "Number of Registered Voters and Ballots Cast – November 5, 2013 – General Election Results – Hudson County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Elections. January 29, 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  106. ^ 2009 Governor: Hudson County, New Jersey Department of State Division of Elections, December 31, 2009. Accessed November 13, 2012.
  107. ^ Police Department, Town of Harrison. Accessed February 28, 2023.
  108. ^ Staff. "'Miracle on the Hudson' survivors to return to waterfront to thank NJ emergency responders", The Hudson Reporter, July 22, 2009. Accessed August 26, 2015.
  109. ^ Tirella, Tricia. "A pat on the back; Flight 1549 survivors thank local first responders" Archived October 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Hudson Reporter, August 2, 2009. Accessed August 26, 2015.
  110. ^ Harrison Review and Reform Committee Report. New York: New York State. 2021. p. 2.
  111. ^ Dolan, Jim. "Understaffing at Harrison's fire department", WABC-TV, April 1, 2013. "Harrison, N.J. (WABC) – There is growing anger from several fire departments in New Jersey about the understaffing of a neighboring fire department in Hudson County."
  112. ^ Staff. "Kearny EMS out, MONOC in at Harrison" Archived August 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, The Observer Online, January 8, 2014. Accessed February 23, 2014. "Kearny Emergency Management Services (EMS) has vacated the space and, as of New Year's Day, it's been replaced by Monmouth- Ocean Hospital Service Corp. (MONOC) EMS, based in Wall Township Mayor Ray McDonough and the Harrison Town Council voted Dec. 19 to accept the bid submitted by MONOC to provide emergency medical service coverage – basic life support provided by EMTs – for Harrison and East Newark."
  113. ^ What We Do: History, New Jersey Schools Development Authority. Accessed March 1, 2022. "In 1998, the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled in the Abbott v. Burke case that the State must provide 100 percent funding for all school renovation and construction projects in special-needs school districts. According to the Court, aging, unsafe and overcrowded buildings prevented children from receiving the "thorough and efficient" education required under the New Jersey Constitution.... Full funding for approved projects was authorized for the 31 special-needs districts, known as 'Abbott Districts'."
  114. ^ What We Do, New Jersey Schools Development Authority. Accessed March 1, 2022.
  115. ^ SDA Districts, New Jersey Schools Development Authority. Accessed March 1, 2022.
  116. ^ District information for Harrison Public Schools Archived August 8, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed April 1, 2020.
  117. ^ School Data for the Harrison Public Schools Archived November 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed April 1, 2020.
  118. ^ Harrison Early Childhood Program Archived November 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Harrison Public Schools. Accessed May 9, 2020.
  119. ^ Lincoln Elementary School Archived November 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Harrison Public Schools. Accessed May 9, 2020.
  120. ^ Hamilton Intermediate SchoolArchived November 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Harrison Public Schools. Accessed May 9, 2020.
  121. ^ Washington Middle School Archived November 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Harrison Public Schools. Accessed May 9, 2020.
  122. ^ Harrison High School Archived April 24, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Harrison Public Schools. Accessed May 9, 2020.
  123. ^ Schools Archived November 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Harrison Public Schools. Accessed May 9, 2020.
  124. ^ New Jersey School Directory for the Harrison Public Schools, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed February 1, 2024.
  125. ^ "Archdiocese of Newark to close 8 more parochial schools". The Star Ledger. February 28, 2012. Archived from the original on June 26, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  126. ^ Home Page Archived December 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Harrison Lions Club. Accessed August 26, 2015.
  127. ^ Hudson County Mileage by Municipality and Jurisdiction Archived August 12, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Department of Transportation, May 2010. Accessed July 25, 2014.
  128. ^ Interstate 280 Straight Line Diagram, New Jersey Department of Transportation, updated March 2017. Accessed February 28, 2023.
  129. ^ Hudson County Highway Map, New Jersey Department of Transportation. Accessed February 28, 2023.
  130. ^ McNab, Matthew. "Designs for new Interstate 280 exit interchange in Harrison to start simulation phase" Archived January 13, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, The Jersey Journal, July 24, 2012. Accessed August 2, 2013. "The Hudson County Improvement Authority and their consulting firm introduced three plans for a new Interstate 280 exit interchange in Harrison at a public meeting at Town Hall today."
  131. ^ Harrison, NJ Interstate Route 280 Ramp Improvements Study Archived March 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Jacobs Engineering Group, July 24, 2012. Accessed August 2, 2014.
  132. ^ Strunsky, Steve. "Harrison hopes upgraded PATH station will help welcome commuters with a grand new view" Archived April 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The Star-Ledger, April 5, 2012. Accessed September 11, 2013.
  133. ^ Strunsky, Steve (April 21, 2015). "Good and bad news for Harrison PATH riders awaiting new station". NJ Advance Media. Archived from the original on April 25, 2015. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
  134. ^ Port Authority and PATH Leadership Join Harrison Mayor In Announcing Saturday Opening Of New Eastbound Harrison PATH Station, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, June 12, 2019. Accessed September 19, 2021.
  135. ^ Hudson County System Map Archived April 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Transit. Accessed October 30, 2017.
  136. ^ Hudson County System Map Archived November 12, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Transit. Accessed November 12, 2019.
  137. ^ 2018 Hudson County Transit Map Archived November 12, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Hudson Transportation Management Association. Accessed November 12, 2019.
  138. ^ Smothers, Ronald "New Jersey Town Is Replacing Its Old Factories With Waterfront Homes" Archived December 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, May 27, 2007. Accessed August 5, 2012.
  139. ^ Town of Harrison Waterfront Redevelopment Plan Archived April 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Heyer, Gruel and Associates, 2007. August 5, 2012.
  140. ^ Bell, Jack. "A 'Special Night' for Petke and Red Bulls" Archived April 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, March 22, 201. Accessed September 4, 2011.
  141. ^ Vecsey, George. "To Soccer Fan, Train Whistle Hits Perfect Pitch" Archived November 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, March 20, 2010. Accessed September 4, 2011. "This new soccer place — 25,000 seats, costing $200 million, real grass, real soccer contours — is an entire new locale, an entire new feel. "
  142. ^ Mascarenhas, Rohan. "Red Bull Arena opening in Harrison sparks nearby redevelopment" Archived July 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, The Star-Ledger, March 20, 2010. Accessed September 11, 2013.
  143. ^ Bull Market: NYRB to Ring Closing Bell Archived November 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Red Bull Arena (New Jersey), April 5, 2010. Accessed October 30, 2017. "Red Bull Arena is privately funded stadium and owned by Red Bull GmbH, an Austrian company that produces the worlds leading energy drink."
  144. ^ Dell'Apa, Frank. "New Era Dawning In Dallas" Archived October 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The Boston Globe, August 13, 2005. Accessed October 11, 2007. "When Dave D'Errico was growing up in the '60s, he played on the hardscrabble soccer fields of Harrison, N.J., then for the US national team and in the North American Soccer League."
  145. ^ "Dr. Darling Killed in Syrian Car Wreck English Physician and Woman Secretary of League Section Also Are Victims, Auto Goes Over Cliff Baltimore and Rockefeller Foundation Malarial Expert Was Studying Disease for League." Archived June 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, May 23, 1925. Accessed January 31, 2018. "Word of the death of Dr. Darling in an automobile accident near Beirut was received by members of his family at his residence in this city today.... He was born in Harrison, N. J., April 6, 1872."
  146. ^ Sam Dente Archived October 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, The Baseball Cube. Accessed December 30, 2007.
  147. ^ Wadler, Joyce. "Public Lives; An Unlikely Organizer as Cabdrivers Unite" Archived February 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, December 8, 1999. Accessed January 30, 2018. "When Ms. Desai was 6 the family moved to the United States, settling in Harrison, N.J."
  148. ^ Jack Dunleavy Archived February 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Society for American Baseball Research. Accessed January 31, 2018.
  149. ^ Staff. "Obituaries: Bernard Epstein College Mathematics Professor" Archived February 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post, April 4, 2005. Accessed January 31, 2008. Accessed January 31, 2018. "Bernard Epstein, 84, a physicist on the Manhattan Project who was a visiting professor of mathematics at George Mason University and the University of Maryland, died March 30 at Summerville Assisted Living in Potomac. He had Alzheimer's disease.Dr. Epstein was born in Harrison, N.J."
  150. ^ Firth, Robert Archived February 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Accessed January 31, 2018. "Born May 12, 1918, in Harrison, NJ; Died January 4, 1984"
  151. ^ Holroyd, Steve. "The Year in American Soccer - 1925" Archived November 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed January 31, 2018. "Providence also acquired wing forward Tommy Florie prior to the season. Born in Harrison, New Jersey, Florie had played three games with the hometown ASL club in 1922 before earning stardom in local semipro leagues."
  152. ^ Durrani, Shandana. "Thriving Miss Daisy: From MTV Veejay to Model to Actress to Talk Show Host, Daisy Fuentes Is Always Seeking New Worlds to Conquer" Archived December 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Cigar Aficionado, November / December 1997. Accessed July 3, 2007. "After five years there, the Fuentes emigrated to the United States, moving to Newark, New Jersey, and eventually settling in neighboring Harrison."
  153. ^ Goldstein, Richard. "Joe Gardi, Jets Assistant Who Guided Hofstra’s Rise, Dies at 71" Archived November 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, June 6, 2010. Accessed October 30, 2017. "A native of Harrison, N.J., Gardi played offensive tackle and linebacker at the University of Maryland, where he was later an assistant coach, and coached in the World Football League before joining the Jets in 1976 as an assistant to Lou Holtz."
  154. ^ Ashford, Michael. "'One I won't forget'" Archived January 13, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, The Emporia Gazette, December 22, 2006. Accessed August 26, 2015. "Thirty-eight years ago, in 1968, Kevin Gilmore joined the football program at McCook Junior College in McCook, Neb. A native of Harrison, N.J., Gilmore was recruited by several Division I schools out of high school, but his grades weren't quite good enough, so he made the more-than 1,500-mile trek from New Jersey to Nebraska to play football and improve his academic standing at McCook."
  155. ^ Fred Allen Hartley Jr. Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed July 3, 2007.
  156. ^ a b the ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia. Sterling Publishing. 2007. ISBN 978-1-4027-4771-7.
  157. ^ McGee, David. "'The Cry of Anguished Protest, The First of Many Wrought From Me'" Archived March 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, TheBluegrassSpecial.com, April 2011. Accessed September 4, 2011. "Beverly Kenney was born in Harrison, New Jersey, on January 29, 1932, the oldest of nine children (four boys, four girls, and a brother, Charles, who died in infancy; the Kenney parents divorced after Beverly was on her own, and two of her brothers are actually from her mother's second marriage) in a blue collar Catholic family."
  158. ^ Forrester, Paul. "The Overachiever: Ray Lucas Surmounts All Obstacles as He Guides the Jets Back to Respectability" Archived November 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, The Village Voice, December 1, 1999. Accessed July 3, 2007. "It's the sort of tale that Lucas has been writing, and rewriting, since he was a teenager in Harrison, New Jersey."
  159. ^ Edward Francis McDonald Archived March 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed August 12, 2007.
  160. ^ Staff. "Paddy M'guigan; Former Fighter, 78, Had Claimed Victory Over Joe Walcott" Archived September 4, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, September 14, 1938. Accessed September 4, 2018. "Harrison, N. J., Sept. 14. – Patrick (Paddy) McGuigan, former pugilist, died today in his home here. He was 78 years old."
  161. ^ Obituary, The Lowell Sun, September 14, 1938, "Paddy McGuigan of Ring Fame Dies", November 4, 2010.
  162. ^ Cotter, Kelly Jane. "Playing His Picks" Archived November 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Asbury Park Press, August 10, 2008. Accessed February 13, 2011. "On weekdays Pinfield gets up at the unrockin hour of 4 a.m. at his home in Harrison and is in the RXP studio by 520 a.m."
  163. ^ Staff. A Community Of Scholars: The Institute for Advanced Study Faculty and Members 1930–1980 Archived November 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, p. 330. Institute for Advanced Study, 1980. Accessed November 22, 2015. "Pogorzelski, Henry Andrew 64–65, 66–67 M, Semiological Number Theory Born 1922 Harrison, NJ."
  164. ^ Mifflin, Lawrie. "Doing a Star Turn for the Home Team, at Last" Archived September 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, August 18, 1996. Accessed September 11, 2013. "Giants Stadium is a short trip up the turnpike from Old Bridge, where Mr. Ramos lives with his wife, Amy – a former North Carolina State University soccer player like her husband – and their 16-month-old son, Alex. And it's just a few miles from where he grew up, in Harrison and Kearny, towns that have been soccer hotbeds for generations."
  165. ^ Fred J. Shields Archived April 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, National Soccer Hall of Fame. Accessed January 21, 2008.
  166. ^ "NYRB II Sign Harrison, New Jersey's Omar Sowe" Archived August 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, New York Red Bulls, August 16, 2019. Accessed August 27, 2019. "New York Red Bulls II have signed midfielder and Harrison, N.J. product Omar Sowe to a USL Championship contract, pending league and federation approval, the club announced today."
  167. ^ Aloysius Michael Sullivan Archived February 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The NYSCA Literary Map of New York State. Accessed January 31, 2018. "Aloysius Michael Sullivan was born in Harrison, New Jersey, in 1896."
  168. ^ "Bill Summers Dies; Former AL Umpire" Archived February 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The Bridgeport Telegram, September 13, 1966. Accessed January 31, 2018. "A native of Harrison, N.J., Summers umpired for 26 years in the American League and was known as the 'Dean of American League Umpires.'"
  169. ^ George J. Tintle Archived September 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, National Soccer Hall of Fame. Accessed December 30, 2007.
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