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Hawar Islands

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The Hawar Islands (Arabic: جزر حوار; transliterated: Juzur Ḥawār) are an archipelago of desert islands; all but one are owned by Bahrain, while the southern, small, and uninhabited Jinan Island (Arabic: جزيرة جينان; transliterated: Jazirat Jinan) is administered by Qatar as part of its Al-Shahaniya municipality. The archipelago is situated off the west coast of Qatar in the Gulf of Bahrain of the Persian Gulf.

Hawar Islands
Native name:
Arabic: جزر حوار
Hawar Fort in 1938
Hawar Islands is located in Bahrain
Hawar Islands
Hawar Islands
Location of Hawar Islands in Bahrain
Geography
LocationPersian Gulf
Coordinates25°38′49″N 50°46′34″E / 25.647°N 50.776°E / 25.647; 50.776
ArchipelagoBahrain
Adjacent toPersian Gulf
Total islands16[1]
Major islands
  • Hawar Island    
Area52 km2 (20 sq mi)
Highest elevation22 m (72 ft)
Administration
GovernorateSouthern Governorate, ISO Code BH-14
Additional information
Time zone
Designations
Designated27 October 1997
Reference no.920[2]

Description

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The islands used to be one of the settlements of the Bahraini branch of the Dawasir who settled there in the early 19th century.[3] The islands were first surveyed in 1820, when they were called the Warden's Islands, and two villages were recorded.[4] They are now uninhabited, other than a police garrison and a hotel on the main island; access to all but Hawar island itself is severely restricted. Local fishermen are allowed to fish in adjacent waters and there is some recreational fishing and tourism on and around the islands.[5] Fresh water has always been scarce; historically it was obtained by surface collection and even today, with the desalination plant, additional supplies have to be brought in.[4]

Geography

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Despite their proximity to Qatar (they are only about 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) from the Qatari mainland whilst being about 10 nautical miles (19 km) from the main islands of Bahrain),[6] most of the islands belong to Bahrain, having been a part of a dispute between Bahrain and Qatar which was resolved in 2001.[7] The islands were formerly coincident with the district or Minṭaqat Juzur Ḥawār (مِنْطَقَة جُزُر حَوَار) and are now administered as part of the Southern Governorate of Bahrain. The land area of the islands is approximately 52 km2 (20 sq mi).[8]

Although there are 36 islands in the group,[9] many of the smaller islands are little more than sand or shingle accumulations on areas of exposed bedrock molded by the ongoing processes of sedimentation and accretion. The World Heritage Site application[clarification needed] named 8 major islands (see table hereafter), which conforms to[clarification needed] the description of the islands when first surveyed as consisting of 8 or 9 islands.[10] It has often been described as an archipelago of 16 islands.[1] Janan Island, to the south of Hawar island, is not legally considered to be a part of the group and is owned by Qatar.[11]

 
Socotra cormorant

Flora and fauna

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There are small herds of Arabian oryx and sand gazelle on Hawar island, and the seas around support sea turtles and a large population of dugongs.[12]

The islands are home to many bird species. The archipelago has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports significant populations of western reef egrets, Socotra cormorants (with some 200,000–300,000 adults recorded in 1992, making it the largest known breeding concentration in the world), Saunders's and white-cheeked terns, and sooty falcons. Other breeding birds include Caspian and bridled terns, and ospreys. Wintering birds include great crested grebes and greater flamingos.[13]

Conservation

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The islands were listed as a Ramsar site in 1997.[9] In 2002, the Bahraini government applied to have the islands recognised as a World Heritage Site due to their unique environment and habitat for endangered species;[4] the application was ultimately unsuccessful.[8]

 
North village of Hawar in 1938
 
Hawar Islands Resort

Administration

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The islands were formerly coincident with the region or Minṭaqat Juzur Ḥawār (مِنْطَقَة جُزُر حَوَار) and are now administered as part of the Southern Governorate of Bahrain.[8]

Jinan Island is administered as part of Al-Shahaniya Municipality of Qatar.

Access

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The islands' ecology draws numerous birds, oryx, gazelles, and Socotra cormorants. The islands are connected through a short 25 km ferry ride from Manama and are reported to have a potential to be developed as a beach tourism destination.[14]

List of islands

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Hawar archipelago

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By far the largest island is Hawar, which accounts for more than 41 km2 (16 sq mi) of the 54.5 km2 (21.0 sq mi) land area.[8] Following in size are Suwād al Janūbīyah, Suwād ash Shamālīyah, Rubud Al Sharqiyah, Rubud Al Gharbiyah, and Muhazwarah (Umm Hazwarah).

Name Arabic Coordinates Max height (meters) Comments
Hawar جَزِيرَة حَوَار 25°39′19″N 50°44′58″E / 25.65528°N 50.74944°E / 25.65528; 50.74944 (Hawar) 22.0[15] The island is 18 km (11 mi) long and varies in width from 5.2 to 0.9 km (31⁄4 miles to 1⁄2 mile).[16] Continuous beach ridge complex west coast, sloping bedrock rising west to east. Complex bay and cliff formations east coast fronted in places by subqa, jebel and terminals of east lower headlands aeolian formations calcified reef structures and algal mats.[15]
Suwād al Janūbīyah سُوَاد اَلْجَنُوبِيَّة 25°38′33″N 50°47′59″E / 25.64250°N 50.79972°E / 25.64250; 50.79972 (Suwād al Janūbīyah) 4.0[15] South Suwad. Sand and shingle accumulations, subqa and salt-encrusted flats with areas of exposed surface rock, beach rock to the north. Mud, shoals and shallow to south, blown sand beaches.[15] Host to a large Socotra cormorant colony, representing over 10% of the world population.[4]
Suwād ash Shamālīyah سُوَاد اَلشَّمَالِيَّة 25°40′29″N 50°48′36″E / 25.67472°N 50.81000°E / 25.67472; 50.81000 (Suwād ash Shamālīyah) 3.0[15] North Suwad. Sand and shingle accumulations, subqa and salt-encrusted flats, areas of beach rock to north, shoals and shallow to south and southeast, wind blown sand, beaches.[15]
Rubud Al Sharqiyah رَبَض اَلشَّرْقِيَّة 25°45′03″N 50°46′54″E / 25.75083°N 50.78167°E / 25.75083; 50.78167 (Rubud Al Sharqiyah) 0.8[15] East Rubud. Sand and shingle accumulations, subqa and salt-encrusted flats, storm beach north and northeast, mudflats, shoals and shallow lagoons south and east large areas of beach rock and reef. Islands off exposed beach rocks & vegetated islets.[15] Significant western reef heron colony.[4]
Rubud Al Gharbiyah رَبَض اَلْغَرْبِيَّة 25°45′07″N 50°45′58″E / 25.75194°N 50.76611°E / 25.75194; 50.76611 (Rubud Al Gharbiyah) 1.0[15] West Rubud. Sand and shingle accumulations, subqa and encrusted flats, storm beach north and west, mudflats, shoals and shallow lagoons south and east. Islands off exposed beach rocks & vegetated islets.[15] Significant western reef heron colony.[4]
Muhazwarah (Umm Hazwarah)   25°39′46″N 50°46′28″E / 25.66278°N 50.77444°E / 25.66278; 50.77444 (Muhazwarah) 12.5[15] Rock (exposed strata), undercut cliffs, small sand or shingle beaches, raised marine terraces with sand spit southern aspect sand accumulations behind. Centre open wadi with rim rocks.[15]
Umm Jinni أم جني 25°40′31″N 50°47′05″E / 25.67528°N 50.78472°E / 25.67528; 50.78472 (Umm Jinni) 0.5[15] Sand and shingle accumulations with areas of beach rock shoals and shallow lagoons surrounding.[15]
Ajirah جَزِيرَة عَجِيرَة 25°44′24″N 50°49′24″E / 25.74000°N 50.82333°E / 25.74000; 50.82333 (Ajirah) 7.0[15] Rock (exposed strata), undercut cliffs and areas of beach rock and reefs. Single marine terrace with sand spit southwest sand and shingle accumulations behind.[15]
Bū Sadād (Bu Sa’adad) (group) جُزُر بُو سَدَاد 25°37′31″N 50°46′37″E / 25.62528°N 50.77694°E / 25.62528; 50.77694 (Bū Sadād) 2.0[15] Sand and shingle accumulations with areas of beach rock, shoals and shallow lagoons surrounding. Storm beaches northern aspects. Islands off ‑ various with mud sand and exposed rocky vegetated islets.[15]
Al Hajiyat (group) الحجيات 25°42′00″N 50°48′00″E / 25.70000°N 50.80000°E / 25.70000; 50.80000 (Al Hajiyat) 7.5[15] Group of 3 islands.[9] Rock (exposed strata), undercut cliffs terraced, small sand or shingle beaches, reefs.[15]
Al Wukūr (Al Wakur) (group) جُزُراَلْوُكُور 25°39′13″N 50°48′54″E / 25.65361°N 50.81500°E / 25.65361; 50.81500 (al Wukūr) 10.0[15] Isolated sea stacks with shingle beaches with surrounding shallow lagoon.[15]
Bu Tammur (group) بو تمور 25°37′00″N 50°47′00″E / 25.61667°N 50.78333°E / 25.61667; 50.78333 (Bu Tammur) 1.5[15] Isolated undercut heavily fossilized rock platforms.[15]

The following were not considered as part of the Hawar islands in the International Court of Justice (ICJ) judgment, being located between Hawar and the Bahrain Islands and not disputed by Qatar, but have been included in the Hawar archipelago by the Bahrain government as part of the 2002 World Heritage Site application.[4][17]

Name Arabic Coordinates Max height (meters) Comments
Jazīrat Mashtān (Mashtan) جَزِيرَة مَشْتَان 25°48′22″N 50°40′54″E / 25.80611°N 50.68167°E / 25.80611; 50.68167 (Jazīrat Mashtān)   Northernmost island and the closest to Bahrain Island. Roughly equidistant between there and the northernmost of the Hawar islands, Rubud Al Gharbiyah. Although very small at high tide, at low tide Mashtan is considerably larger.[18]
Al Mu`tariḑ اَلْمُعْتَرِض 25°47′12″N 50°42′51″E / 25.78667°N 50.71417°E / 25.78667; 50.71417 (Al Mu`tariḑ) A reef south-east of Mashtan.[4] Location of the largest sighting of dugong in the area.[19]
Fasht Bū Thawr (Bu Thur) فَشْت بُو ثَوْر 25°48′00″N 50°46′00″E / 25.80000°N 50.76667°E / 25.80000; 50.76667 (Fasht Bū Thawr) A low-tide elevation coral reef approximately 100 metres (110 yards) long.[4]

Janan Island

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Hawar Pier in 1938.

Janan (or Jinan) Island, a small island south of Hawar island, was also considered in the 2001 ICJ judgment. Based on a previous agreement when both Qatar and Bahrain were under British occupation, it was judged to be separate from the Hawar islands and so considered by the court separately.[11] It was awarded to Qatar.[7]

Name Arabic Coordinates Max height (meters) Comments
Jazīrat Jinān (Janan) جَزِيرَة جَنَان 25°33′29″N 50°44′06″E / 25.55806°N 50.73500°E / 25.55806; 50.73500 (Jazīrat Jinān) A small island (or islands, if the low tide elevation of Hadd Janan is counted separately), 1.6 nautical miles (3.0 km) south of Hawar Island. It measures approximately 700 by 175 metres (766 by 191 yd) and with a total surface area of around 0.115 km2 (28 acres).[20]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Case concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain" (PDF). ICJ. 9 June 2000. p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-24.
  2. ^ "Hawar Islands". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  3. ^ "Case concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain". ICJ. 16 March 2001. p. 44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Nomination file: The Hawar Archipelago". Government of Bahrain. 11 June 2002.
  5. ^ "Bahrain" (PDF). Ramsar Convention. p. 11.
  6. ^ Charney, Jonathan I.; Alexander, Lewis M.; Smith, Dr. Robert W.; Law, American Society of International (2002). International Maritime Boundaries : vol. IV. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 2844. ISBN 978-9041119544. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  7. ^ a b "Case concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain". ICJ. 16 March 2001. p. 81.
  8. ^ a b c d "IUCN Evaluation of Nominations of Natural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List". Hawar-Islands.com. 2004.
  9. ^ a b c Hawar Islands Protected Area: Management Plan (PDF). January 2003.
  10. ^ "Case concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain" (PDF). ICJ. 13 June 2000. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  11. ^ a b "Case concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain" (PDF). ICJ. 16 March 2001. p. 54. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-05.
  12. ^ "Bahrain" (PDF). Ramsar Convention. p. 12.
  13. ^ "Hawar Islands". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2024. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
  14. ^ Oxford Business Group - The Report, 2015. Oxford Business Group. 2015. p. 166. ISBN 9781910068229.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Bahrain Bird Report". Hawar-Islands.com.
  16. ^ Crombe, P.; De Dapper, M.; Haerinck, E. (November 2001). "An archaeological survey of Hawar Island". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 12 (2): 143. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0471.2001.d01-2.x.
  17. ^ Hawar Islands Protected Area: Management Plan (PDF). January 2003. p. 10 (map).
  18. ^ "Case concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain" (PDF). ICJ. 16 March 2001. p. 61. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-05.
  19. ^ "Dugong". Hawar-Islands.com.
  20. ^ "Case concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain" (PDF). ICJ. 16 March 2001. p. 49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-05.
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