Lake Itasca (/aɪˈtæskə/ eye-TASS-kə)[1] is a small glacial lake, approximately 1.8 square miles (470 hectares; 1,200 acres) in area. It is located in Itasca State Park, in south-eastern Clearwater County, in the Headwaters area of north-central Minnesota, and is notable for being the headwater of the Mississippi River. It has an average depth of 20 to 35 feet (5 to 10 m) and is 1,475 feet (450 m) above sea level.
| Lake Itasca | |
|---|---|
| Omashkoozo-zaaga'igan (Ojibwe) | |
 The primary source of the Mississippi River on the edge of Lake Itasca | |
  Lake Itasca  Lake Itasca | |
| Location | Itasca State Park, Clearwater County, Minnesota, US |
| Coordinates | 47°13′05″N 95°12′26″W / 47.21806°N 95.20722°W |
| Type | Glacial |
| Primary inflows | Nicolet Creek, Elk Lake outlet stream |
| Primary outflows | Mississippi River |
| Basin countries | United States |
| Surface area | 1.8 sq mi (4.7 km2) |
| Average depth | 20–35 ft (6–11 m) |
| Surface elevation | 1,475 ft (450 m) |
| Islands | Schoolcraft Island |
The Ojibwe name for the lake is Omashkoozo-zaaga'igan (Elk Lake). The first European explorers in the area were French Canadian and they named the lake Lac Labiche (Doe Lake, often mistranslated as Elk Lake).[2] The name was later changed by Henry Schoolcraft to "Itasca", coined from a combination of the Latin phrase veritas caput ("true head [of the Mississippi]").[3][4] It is one of several examples of pseudo-Native American place names created by Schoolcraft.
Source of the Mississippi River
editIt is the primary source[a] of the Mississippi River which flows 2,340 mi (3,770 km) to the Gulf of Mexico. There are several tributaries that flow (most or all of the year) into the lake, one of which, by most modern definitions, as with the Nile River and Amazon River, would be considered the actual source, though less dramatic than the lake's outflow.
The western arm of the lake is fed by two streams on its south end. Nicollet Creek starts in a nearby spring. Another small stream leads into Itasca from Elk Lake,[b] which in turn is fed by two other streams. The Ojibwa called Elk Lake and the stream Bekegamaag-zaaga'igan and Bekegamaag-ziibi (Sidelake Lake and Sidelake River), respectively.[2] In 1887 Williard Glazier promoted a campaign to consider Elk Lake, which he called Glazier Lake, as the true source of the Mississippi. Its longest tributary originates at Little Elk Lake, which is 100 ft (30 m) higher in elevation and 11 km upstream from the Lake Itasca outflow, at 47°09′29″N 95°13′26″W / 47.158°N 95.224°W and in the Mississippi watershed.
History
editHenry Schoolcraft identified Lake Itasca as the river's primary source in 1832. He had been part of a previous expedition in 1820 led by General Lewis Cass that had named nearby Cass Lake (which is downstream from Itasca) as the source of the river. There exists a dissenting claim that fur trader William Morrison was the first person to discover the lake and identified it as the source of the Mississippi in 1804.[7]
Jacob V. Brower, a land surveyor and president of the Minnesota Historical Society, after spending five months exploring the lakes, claimed that the lakes and streams further south of Lake Itasca were not the true source of the Mississippi because they were "too small". Modern explorers and geographers, however, have used the tiniest trickles of water to determine the source of the Amazon, Nile, and other rivers. Brower was to campaign aggressively to save the lake from logging. On April 21, 1891, the Minnesota Legislature officially made it a state park by a margin of one vote. Brower is now called the "Father of Lake Itasca" and the visitor center is named in his honor.[8]
The channel of the Mississippi as it emerges from the lake was bulldozed in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps, to create a more "pleasant experience" for visitors. The project included the draining of the surrounding swamp, the digging of a new channel, and the installation of a man-made rock rapids. The rocks are used by tourists for walking across the Mississippi River.[9][10] This outlet channel underwent restoration work in October of 2020. The channel was reshaped direct water away from the shoreline, reducing erosive effects. The Minnesota DNR stabilized the shoreline with a combination of boulders and natural vegetation. Although the path of the stepping stones were reshaped, the underlying dam was unchanged.[11]
Common ground for science
edit
The lake is home to the University of Minnesota's Itasca Biological Station and Laboratories campus, which offers spring and summer courses and field research work year-round. The campus was established in 1909.[12] Some of these buildings date from the 1930s and 40s, while others, including the largest building the Biome Center, were built more recently. The current Director of the biological station is Jonathan Schilling.[13]
The Lake Itasca region claims a unique location, not only at the headwaters of the Mississippi River and amidst 25% of the old growth forest of Minnesota, but also at the juncture of the three great habitats of North America: the Great Plains, the Deciduous Forest of the south, and the Coniferous Forest of the north. Remnants of all three may be observed in the park.[14]
The unique geography of the Lake Itasca region has found its way onto the classical music concert stage. Composer Ferde Grofé depicted the birthplace of the Mississippi River and the Native Americans who reside there in his popular classical epic the Mississippi Suite.[15]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ The United States Geological Survey recognizes two contrasting definitions of a river's source.[5] By the stricter definition, the Mississippi would share its source with its longest tributary, the Missouri, at Brower's Spring in Montana. The other definition acknowledges "somewhat arbitrary decisions" and places the Mississippi's sources at Lake Itasca, which is publicly accepted as the source of the Mississippi,[5] identified as such by a late 1800s surveyor Brower.[6]
- ^ See the article on Julius Chambers on the discovery of Elk Lake.
References
edit- ^ "Minnesota Pronunciation Guide". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ a b Winchell, N. H. (1887). "The Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. The fifteenth annual report for the year 1886". Minnesota Geological Survey. hdl:11299/56247. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
- ^ Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
- ^ Upham, Warren. "Itasca County". Minnesota Place Names: A Geographical Encyclopedia. Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 8, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2007.
- ^ a b Kammerer, J.C. (May 1990). "Largest Rivers in the United States". United States Geological Survey.
- ^ Nell, Donald F.; Demetriades, Anthony (July–August 2005). "The True Utmost Reaches of the Missouri: Were Lewis and Clark Wrong When They Identified the Source of This Great River?". Montana Outdoors. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2009.
- ^ Morrison, William (1872). Who discovered Itasca Lake? : letter of Wm. Morrison, an early Indian trader. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved February 6, 2021 – via Library of Congress.
- ^ "Minnesota DNR Park Info". Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2007.
- ^ "A Trip North to the Mississippi Headwaters". Explore Minnesota. Archived from the original on October 17, 2020.
You can walk across the headwaters, by bridge or on stones
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Mississippi Headwaters; Itasca State Park MN. Prairie Public Television. February 20, 2013.
you can walk on the rocks and over the shallow stream that actually is the headwaters of the great Mississippi River.
- ^ "Widened by erosion, iconic Mississippi headwaters to undergo restoration work". MPR News. September 6, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
- ^ Itasca Biological Station and Laboratories, College of Biological Sciences (February 20, 2015). "About Itasca". University of Minnesota. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
- ^ "Meet Jonathan | Schilling Lab". schillinglab.umn.edu. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
- ^ "Nature Vegetation of Minnesota" (PDF). Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
- ^ Burns, Alex (October 15, 2021). "Ferde Grofé 'Mississippi Suite': A Journey Down Memory Lane". Classicalexburns. Retrieved May 10, 2023.