Lebanon is a small middle-income country on the Eastern Mediterranean shore with a population of around 4 million Lebanese citizens, 1.2 million Syrian refugees, and half a million Palestinian refugees. It is at the third stage of its demographic transition characterized by a decline in both fertility and mortality rates.[1] Moreover, Lebanon, like many countries in the Middle East is experiencing an epidemiological transition with an increasingly ageing population suffering from chronic and non-communicable diseases.[2] Mortality related to non-communicable diseases is 404.4 deaths per 100,000 individuals, with an estimate of 45% due to cardiovascular diseases, making them the leading cause of death in Lebanon.[3] Lebanon has health indices that are close to those of more developed countries, with a reported life expectancy at birth of 80.1 years (81.4 years for women and 78.8 years for men) and an under-five mortality rate of 9.5 per 1,000 live births in 2016.[4] Since the end of the 15-year Lebanese Civil War in 1990, Lebanon’s health indicators have significantly improved.
The Human Rights Measurement Initiative[5] finds that Lebanon is fulfilling 85.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income.[6] When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Lebanon achieves 99.1% of what is expected based on its current income.[6] In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves 98.9% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income.[6] Overall, Lebanon falls between the "bad" and "fair" categories for the right to health because when evaluating the right to reproductive health, the nation is fulfilling only 57.2% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.[6]
Background
edit| Indicator | Value in 1974 (before the Lebanese civil war) | Value in 1976 (during the Lebanese civil war) | Value in 2016 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | 67.9 | 34.9 | 80.1 |
| Under-five mortality rate (by 1,000 live births) | 58.9 | 56.8 | 9.5 |
| Fertility rate | 4.53 | 4.36 | 1.71 |
| Maternal mortality ratio (by 100,000 live births) | No data | 104 (1984 value) | 16 (2013 value) |
| Income (gross domestic product per capita) | 15,000 | 4,370 | 13,000 |
Cardiovascular diseases
editCardiovascular diseases represent the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Lebanon and are also the primary cause of hospital admission.[7] In 2012, it was estimated that 31% of all deaths in Lebanon were due to ischemic heart disease.[8] This high cardiovascular disease incidence can be attributed to several risk factors. For example, 42% of the Lebanese people are smokers, 29.4% are obese, 22.8% are diabetic, and 29.8% suffer from hypertension.[9]
Cancers
editData from World Health Organization (WHO) Globocan 2012 have shown that in the Arab world, Lebanon has the highest lung cancer incidence in females and the third highest in males, with an age-standardized incidence rate among the world population (ASR(w)) per 100,000 person-years of 30.2% in men and 11% in women. Similarly, it has been reported that Lebanon has one of the highest ASR(w) of bladder cancer worldwide, with 29.1 as estimated ASR(w) of bladder cancer among males, thus falling second after Belgium (31.0).[10] Trends in high lung and bladder cancer incidence are largely the product of changing smoking prevalence and patterns of tobacco consumption. Smoking is very prevalent and culturally ingrained into Lebanese society, with the most common forms of tobacco smoking in Lebanon being cigarettes or waterpipe smoking, which is gaining popularity, particularly among females.[11] Relative to a single cigarette, a single waterpipe use episode is associated with similar peak plasma nicotine levels and three times greater peak levels of blood carboxyhemoglobin. The first five minutes of waterpipe smoking produce more than four times the increase in blood carboxyhemoglobin as smoking an entire cigarette.[12] Adult smoking in Lebanon is estimated at 46% for males and 31% for females. Smoking prevalence among the youth is estimated to be among the highest worldwide (65.8% for boys and 54.1% for girls), with waterpipe smoking the major form of smoking (33.9%) followed by cigarette smoking (8.6%).[13] In addition to smoking, urban air pollution measured by concentrations of particulate matter <10 mm in size exceeds the levels set by the WHO (20 mg/m3) in most urban Lebanese cities.[14]
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Refugees
editIn 2015, there were 452,669 registered Palestinian refugees in the country; more than half live in 12 Palestinian refugee camps. They are ineligible for state social services, including health care. Further adding to the issue is the amount of Syrian refugees, totalling almost one for every four Lebanese. These people are often forced to live in squalid conditions due to a lack of government resources. More often than not, these people are also subject to discrimination in certain aspects of life. This includes medical treatment, to which they have no legal right to according to Lebanese law.[15]
Mental health
editLebanon, a society of people generally wrought by war and loss, is currently plagued with mental health issues where a staggering 17% of citizens suffer from some form of non-war related mental illness. Having only three dedicated psychiatric facilities, but frequent access to psychiatrists and therapy, means that Lebanese has somewhat lacking access to psychiatric treatment by Western standards, but still better access than the rest of the Middle East and the Levant. Cultural stigma, however, often prevents sufferers from receiving the proper care they require and more often than not ends badly.[16][17]
The WHO indicated{{When} that 49% of Lebanese are afflicted with some form of war-related trauma. This often includes former combatants, as well as many victims of the combat, suffering from PTSD. Furthermore, many victims of rape are subject to fear of stigma and do not report their victimization, thus preventing them proper medical and psychiatric treatment, and more importantly, justice.[16][17]
It has also been estimated[by whom?] that on average, every 2.5 days, someone dies by suicide and every 6 hours, someone attempts suicide in Lebanon. “Embrace Lifeline”, Lebanon’s first suicide prevention hotline was established in 2016. This is part of the “Mental Health and Substance Use-Prevention, Promotion and Treatment-Strategy for Lebanon 2015–2020", launched by the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health to create a more effective and comprehensive mental health treatment infrastructure in Lebanon.[18]
History
editThe Asfouriyeh Hospital, founded in 1896 in Lebanon, is considered the first modern mental health hospital in the Middle East. The impact of the Lebanese Civil War led to the hospital's closure in 1982.[19]
Women's health
editWomen have adequate access to gynecological and other female health facilities in Lebanon, excluding contraceptives.[20] Abortion is illegal except in cases where the woman's life is at risk, under Lebanon's Penal Code of 1943.[21]
The Lebanese view on unborn children is that they are equivalent to an infant, thus making it difficult for legalization of abortion. However, abortion is widespread among women and frequently performed by the same doctors who call for its prohibition. Underage pregnancies as well as extramarital pregnancies are the most commonly terminated, often in decent conditions but occasionally not. The general consensus of the Lebanese indicates that most do not support abortion, however a significant urban population is currently vying for its legalization. Most Lebanese prefer the concept of birth then adoption by a sterile family, and this is a frequent occurrence. However, more often than not abortions are forced upon young mothers by family members attempting to preserve family honour.[20]
References
edit- ^ Sibai AM, Sen K, Baydoun M, Saxena P. Population ageing in Lebanon: current status, future prospects and implications for policy. Bull World Health Organ 2004;82:219-25.
- ^ Pierre-Louis AM, Ayodeji Akala F, Samaha Karam H. Public Health in the Middle East and North Africa: Meeting the Challenges of the Twenty-first Century. Washington D.C: World Bank Institute; 2004.
- ^ World Health Organization (WHO). Lebanon. 2014. Available from: [1]. [Accessed on September 8, 2018].
- ^ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Lebanon. 2016. Available from: [2]. [Accessed on September 8, 2018].
- ^ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Lebanon - Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
- ^ Deek H, Newton P, Inglis S, et al. Heart health in Lebanon and considerations for addressing the burden of cardiovascular disease. Collegian 2015;22:333-9.
- ^ World Health Organization (WHO). Lebanon: WHO statistical profile. 2015. Available from: [3].[Accessed on September 8, 2018].
- ^ Fahs I, Khalife Z, Malaeb D, Iskandarani M, Salameh P. The Prevalence and Awareness of Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Factors among the Lebanese Population: A Prospective Study Comparing Urban to Rural Populations. Cardiol Res Pract 2017;2017:3530902.
- ^ Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, et al. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Estimated Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2013. Available from: [4].[Accessed on September 8, 2018].
- ^ Salameh P, Khayat G, Waked M. Lower prevalence of cigarette and waterpipe smoking, but a higher risk of waterpipe dependence in Lebanese adult women than in men. Women Health 2012;52:135-50.
- ^ Eissenberg T, Shihadeh A. Waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoking: direct comparison of toxicant exposure. Am J Prev Med 2009;37:518-23.
- ^ Saade G, Warren CW, Jones NR, Asma S, Mokdad A. Linking Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC):the case for Lebanon. Prev Med 2008;47(Suppl 1):S15-9.
- ^ Saliba NA, El Jam F, El Tayar G, Obeid W, Roumie M. Origin and variability of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) mass concentrations over an Eastern Mediterranean city. Atmos Res 2010;97:106-14.
- ^ "Health in Lebanon". UNWRA. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
- ^ a b "Addressing mental health needs in Lebanon". Humanitarian Practice Network. Archived from the original on 2018-09-08. Retrieved 2021-02-01.
- ^ a b "Mental Health System in Lebanon" (PDF). WHO. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 7, 2013.
- ^ Embrace. Embrace LifeLine - Lebanon's First National Emotional Support and Suicide Prevention Helpline. 2018. Available from: [5] Archived 2019-02-17 at the Wayback Machine. [Accessed on September 8, 2018].
- ^ Reader, The MIT Press (January 19, 2023). "The Tragic Downfall of ʿAṣfūriyyeh (The Lebanon Hospital for the Insane)". The MIT Press Reader. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
- ^ a b "Bound by taboos, Lebanese women seek abortions". DW. 4 February 2014.
- ^ "Moral Work and the Construction of Abortion Networks: Women's Access to Safe Abortion in Lebanon". Health and Human Rights Journal. 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2023-04-08.