Healthcare in Turkey consists of a mix of public and private health services. Turkey introduced universal health care in 2003.[1] Known as Universal Health Insurance Genel Sağlık Sigortası, it is funded by a tax surcharge on employers, currently at 5%.[1] Public-sector funding covers approximately 75.2% of health expenditures.[1]
Despite universal health care, total expenditure on health as a share of GDP is the lowest among OECD countries at 6.3% of GDP, much lower than the OECD average of 9.3%.[1] Median age in Turkey is 30 years compared to 43.9 average in EU countries. Aging population is the prime reason for higher healthcare expenditure in Europe.[2] Life expectancy is 78.5 years, compared with the EU average of 81 years.[1] Turkey has a high obesity rate, with 29.5% of its adult population obese.
Coverage
edit
Due to major health reforms in the 2000s and 2010s, universal health insurance coverage for the population was achieved, and the general quality of health services improved greatly, with patient satisfaction rising from 39.5% in 2003 to 75.9% in 2011.[3]
The following medical treatments are covered by the SGK:[4]
- Emergencies
- Work accidents and vocational illnesses
- Infectious diseases
- Preventive health services (substance use)
- Childbirth
- Extraordinary events (injuries from war and natural disasters)
- Fertility treatment for women younger than 39
- Cosmetic surgery deemed medically necessary
While some SGK-contracted hospitals offer dental care, in most cases, patients must rely on private dental services and are responsible for covering the costs. In addition, patients must partially cover the cost of some prescription drugs and outpatient services.[4][3]
Statistics
edit.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
| Turkey | OECD average | Rank | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Health expenditure as % of GDP[5] | 6.3% | 9.3% | 37th |
| Health expenditure per capita[5] | $665 | $3,223 | 37th |
| % health expenditure publicly funded[5] | 75.2% | 71.7% | 14th |
| Doctors to population ratio[5] | 2.3 | 3.27 | 35th |
| Life expectancy at birth (years)[5] | 78.3 | 80.6 | 29th |
| Percentage of daily smokers aged 15+[5] | 26.5% | 21.81% | 3rd |
| Obesity rate (BMI≥30) (2017)[5] | 20.0% | 17% | 25th |
| Caesarean section among all births[5] | 53% | 32% | 1st |
| Number of hospital beds per 10,000 population[5] | 27.3 | 51.4 | 22nd |
| Number of physicians per 100,000 population[5] | 181 | 343 | 24th |
| Number of dentists per 100,000 population[5] | 33 | 71 | 20th |
| Number of nurses per 100,000 population[5] | 257 | 1,098 | 22nd |
| Number of pharmacists per 100,000 population[5] | 35 | 89 | 23rd |
| Share of out-of-pocket expenses[5] | 16.5% | 20.3% | 16th |
| Antibiotic consumption per 1,000 population, defined daily dose (DDD)[5] | 39.8 | 20.9 | 1st |
| Average length of stay in hospitals, days[5] | 4.0 | 8.2 | 37th |
Medication
editAs measured in defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day Turkey had a high rate of consumption of antibiotics in 2015 with a rate of 38.8, double that of the United Kingdom.[6]
Medical tourism
editThere is a substantial medical tourism business in Turkey, with almost 178 thousand tourists visiting for health purposes in the first six months of 2018. 67% used private hospital, 24% public hospitals and 9% university hospitals. The Regulation on International Health Tourism and Tourist Health came into force on 13 July 2017. It only applies to those coming specifically for treatment.[7]
Private healthcare
edit.jpg)
Turkey has a large private healthcare sector, in addition to its public health services. These private health services often offer shorter waiting lists and higher quality services. Most banks and insurance companies offer health plans, and contract with certain hospitals and doctors.[4]
The Turkish healthcare system was formerly dominated by a centralized state system run by the Ministry of Health. In 2003 the governing Justice and Development Party introduced a sweeping health reform program aimed at increasing the ratio of private to state health provision and making healthcare available to a larger share of the population. Information from the Turkish Statistical Institute states that 76.3 billion liras are being spent on healthcare annually, with 79.6% of funding coming from the Social Security Institute and most of the remainder (15.4%) coming from out-of-pocket payments.[8] There are 27.954 medical institutions, 1.7 doctor for every 1000 people[9] and 2.54 beds for 1000 people.
Turkey previously had a scheme called green card (Yeşil Kart), which was developed in order to help low-income social group to get medical help. Spending on this system were equal to 40 billion TL in 2010. Due to this fact, the system was reformed in 2011 and the number of people who could benefit from this system was reduced. Following the 2012 Universal Health Insurance Law, the Green Card system was abolished.[10][11]
Finance
edit
Turkey had the lowest expenditure on healthcare in Europe in 2015 - 6.4% of Gross domestic product.[12]
Total health spending according to the Turkish Statistical Institute data has exceeded 201 billion pounds in 2019.[13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e Atun R (2015). "Transforming Turkey's Health System--Lessons for Universal Coverage". N Engl J Med. 373 (14): 1285–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1410433. PMID 26422719.
- ^ "Current Health Care System Cannot Survive Aging Population". Retrieved 2022-01-01.
- ^ a b Atun, Rifat (2015). "Transforming Turkey's Health System — Lessons for Universal Coverage". New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (14): 1285–1289. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1410433. PMID 26422719. S2CID 11495611.
- ^ a b c "The Health Insurance System in Turkey". Angloinfo. Angloinfo. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Health Statistics Yearbook (PDF) (2016 ed.). Istanbul: General Directorate of Health Research. 2016.
- ^ "UK antibiotic consumption twice that of the Netherlands, WHO report finds". Pharmaceutical Journal. 14 November 2018. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ "International Health Tourism in Turkey". Lexology. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
- ^ "Sağlığa 76,3 milyar lira harcandı". www.hurriyet.com.tr.
- ^ "Physicians (per 1,000 people)." Physicians (per 1,000 people). World Bank, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2015.
- ^ "Blog Eniyihekim" (in Turkish). Eniyihekim. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
- ^ Seyhun, O.; Erdol, S.; Can, H.; Erdogan, E. (November 1, 2014). "Transformation of Green Card Program for the Poor: One Step Further to Universal Health Care Coverage in Turkey". Value in Health. 17 (7): A411. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.975 – via valueinhealthjournal.com.
- ^ Ballas, Dimitris; Dorling, Danny; Hennig, Benjamin (2017). The Human Atlas of Europe. Bristol: Policy Press. p. 79. ISBN 9781447313540.
- ^ "TÜİK Kurumsal". data.tuik.gov.tr.