The Heard Island shag (Leucocarbo nivalis), or Heard Island cormorant, is a marine cormorant native to the Australian territory comprising the Heard and McDonald Islands in the Southern Ocean, which is about 4,100 km south-west of Perth, Western Australia.
| Heard Island shag | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Suliformes |
| Family: | Phalacrocoracidae |
| Genus: | Leucocarbo |
| Species: | L. nivalis
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| Binomial name | |
| Leucocarbo nivalis | |
| Synonyms | |
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Taxonomy
editThe Heard Island shag is one of the blue-eyed shags, sometimes placed in the genus Leucocarbo, and a subspecies of the imperial shag. Others place it in the genus Phalacrocorax. It is now usually considered to be a full species.
Distribution and habitat
editThe Heard Island shag is restricted to the subantarctic Heard and McDonald Islands, and is only known to breed on Heard Island. Apart from breeding and roosting, its habitat is marine.
Description
editThe Heard Island shag has largely black upperparts and white underparts. The cheeks and ear-coverts are white; there are white bars on the wings, a black, recurved crest over the forehead, and pink feet.[2] A breeding adult has a pair of orange caruncles above the base of the bill in front of the eyes as well as blue eye-rings.[2] It is about 77 cm in length, with a wingspan of 120 cm and a weight of 3 kg.[2]
Behaviour
editHeard Island shags are gregarious, roosting in groups of from 10-20 birds up to several hundred.[3]
Breeding
editThe birds are present year round at Heard Island, where they breed annually in colonies. Courtship takes place from late August to early October. Nests are mounds built largely of the stipes, roots and adhering soil of the tussock grass Poa cookii and average about 22 cm high, with a minimum distance between nests of 50 cm.[4][5] The clutch of two or three eggs is laid mainly between mid-September and November, hatching from November to February. The chicks fledge from January to March.[6]
Feeding
editThe birds forage locally in shallow coastal waters,[6] with the diet consisting primarily of polychaetes and fish.[7] The proportion of fish in the diet is higher when the birds are feeding chicks.[8][9]
Status and conservation
editThe Heard Island shag population is estimated to comprise about 1000 breeding pairs. It is listed as Vulnerable under Australia's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999,[6] because the population is small, localised and subject to fluctuations in breeding success due to weather conditions and food availability. A potential threat is climate change affecting sea temperatures and thus food supply.[10]
Notes
edit- ^ Falla (1937), p.226.
- ^ a b c Marchant & Higgins (1991), p.854.
- ^ Marchant & Higgins (1991), p.856.
- ^ Green (1997a), pp.61-62.
- ^ Green (1997b), p.68.
- ^ a b c DEWHA website
- ^ Green, K., and Williams, R. (1997). Biology of the Heard Island Shag Phalacrocorax nivalis. 3. Foraging, Diet and Diving Behaviour. Emu 97: 76-83 doi:10.1071/MU97008
- ^ Green et al. (1990), pp.139-141.
- ^ Green (1997c), p.76.
- ^ Garnett & Crowley (2000).
References
edit- "Heard Island Cormorant - Fact File". DEWHA. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
- Falla, R. A. (20 August 1937). Johnston, T. Harvey (ed.). Birds. B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929–1931, Reports—Series B. Vol. II. The B.A.N.Z.A.R Expedition Committee. p. 226.
- Garnett, Stephen T.; Crowley, Gabriel M. (2000). The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2000. Canberra: Environment Australia. ISBN 0-642-54683-5.
- Green, K. (1997). "Biology of the Heard Island Shag Phalacrocorax nivalis. 1. Breeding Behaviour". Emu. 97 (1): 60–66. doi:10.1071/MU97006.
- Green, K. (1997). "Biology of the Heard Island Shag Phalacrocorax nivalis. 2. Breeding". Emu. 97 (1): 67–75. doi:10.1071/MU97007.
- Green, K.; Williams, R. (1997). "Biology of the Heard Island Shag Phalacrocorax nivalis. 3. Foraging, Diet and Diving Behaviour". Emu. 97 (1): 76–83. doi:10.1071/MU97008.
- Green, K.; Williams, R.; Woehler, E.J.; Burton, H.R.; Gales, N.J.; Jones, R.T. (June 1990). "Diet of the Heard Island cormorant Phalacrocorax atriceps nivalis". Antarctic Science. 2 (2): 139–141. Bibcode:1990AntSc...2..139G. doi:10.1017/S0954102090000177. S2CID 84260970.
- Marchant, S.; Higgins, P.J., eds. (1990). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds Volume 1: Ratites to Ducks. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-553244-9.