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Heck cattle

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The Heck or Munich-Berlin is a German breed or type of domestic cattle. It was bred in the 1920s by Heinz and Lutz Heck in an attempt to breed back the extinct aurochs (Bos primigenius).[8]: 196  Controversy revolves around methodology and success of the programme.[9] There are considerable differences between Heck cattle and the aurochs in build, height, and body proportions. Furthermore, there are other cattle breeds which resemble their wild ancestors at least as much as Heck cattle.[9][page needed]

Heck cattle
Dark bull with large horns, smaller cow and red calf
Bull, cow and calf in the Rheingönheim Wildlife Park of Ludwigshafen
Other names
  • Aurochs de Heck[1]: 41 
  • Aurochs Reconstitué[2]: 29 
  • Heckrind
  • Munich-Berlin[3]: 273 
Country of originGermany
Distribution
Traits
Weight
  • Male:
    600–900 kg
  • Female:
    400–600 kg
Height
  • Male:
    approximately 140 cm
  • Female:
    approximately 130 cm
Coatshades of red, brown, black
Horn statushorns of various shapes and sizes
  • Cattle
  • Bos (primigenius) taurus
The cattle show a range of colours and phenotypes.
Bull in the Oostvaardersplassen nature reserve
Cow at Mannheim

History

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Heck cattle originated in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s in an attempt to breed back domestic cattle to their ancestral form: the aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius).[10] In the first years of the Weimar Republic, the brothers Heinz and Lutz Heck independently started their extensive breeding-back programmes.[11]

Their motivation was to rescue the aurochs from oblivion because it was constantly confused with the European bison, the other large bovine of Holocene Europe. The Heck brothers believed that creating a look-alike and showing both species next to each other would help to show the difference between the two species to a broader public. Apart from that, they believed they were able to reconstruct the species and therefore to correct the mistake man made when killing the species off.[12]

Heinz was the director of the Hellabrunn Zoological Gardens in Munich and Lutz of the Berlin Zoological Gardens. Only eleven years after they started their breeding experiments, just as the Weimar Republic was drawing to a close, they each announced success.[13][14]

Lutz Heck used Spanish Fighting Bulls for his breed, some of which were released in the Polish Romincka Forest, but survived until the late 1940s when they were killed during the end of the Second World War.[15] Rewilding Lutz Heck's cattle breed was met with objection since the beginnings of this project, as these cattle were aggressive and their ecological impact on the native fauna was considered to be unpredictable. Later rewilding attempts in Poland were rejected.[16]

Lutz Heck's cattle were exterminated at the end of the Second World war. Heinz Heck used a different set of breeds; all living Heck cattle go back to his stock.[9] The ancestral breeds used by Heinz Heck include:

In 1932 the first bull that Heinz Heck believed to resemble the aurochs was born and named Glachl. He was a 75% Corsican and 25% (Gray cattle × Lowland × Highland × Angeln) cross. This bull and his father were subsequently bred into further breeds to increase weight.[9] As a consequence most modern Heck cattle go back to Central European dairy and beef cattle that were supplemented by cattle from other regions.[17] Advocates of Heck cattle often claim that Heinz' and Lutz' breeding results looked largely identical, thus "proving the success" of their experiment. However, Berlin and Munich Heck cattle did not look very similar.[9][clarification needed]

Distribution

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There are about 2000 Heck cattle in Europe, and a few elsewhere. Heck cattle are found in German zoos because of the erroneous claim by the Heck brothers that these cattle represent resurrected aurochs and are suitable for conservation projects today. In Oostvaardersplassen in Flevoland (Netherlands), about 600 Heck cattle roam freely. Weak animals are shot by hunters in order to prevent unnecessary suffering.[18] Others are at the Falkenthaler Rieselfelder near Berlin, at the Nesseaue nature reserve near Jena, Thuringia and at the Grubenfelder Leonie nature reserve in Auerbach, Bavaria. About 100 were registered in France in 2000. The introduction of Heck cattle into nature reserves in order to restore ancient landscapes inspired Rewilding Europe.[19] The way of no interference in the Oostvaardersplassen, however, was terminated in 2018, as large numbers of animals died of starvation during the cold winters of 2005 and 2010, which caused a loss of public support.[20]

Criticism

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Criticism of the methodology and result of the Heck brothers' programs dates back to at least the 1950s. Cis van Vuure describes the work of W. Herre in 1953 and O. Koehler in 1952:

A lack of basic knowledge about the extinct aurochs, broad selection criteria [of breeds chosen to create the cattle] ... and the rich imagination and complacency of the two brothers led to their excessive simplification of the breeding-back procedure.

Criticism also focused on the carelessness, the ease and the speed with which they had carried out their experiments as well as the genetic basis.[21] Cis van Vuure further stated that:

On account of the absence of any marked similarity in size, colour, and horn shape, among other aspects, Heck cattle cannot be considered to resemble the aurochs closely. Rather they should be seen as a population of cattle in which a few aurochs characteristics may be found; a trait they share with many other cattle populations.

In the view of some experts, primitive Southern European cattle breeds are much closer overall to the aurochs than Heck cattle, such as the Spanish fighting bull.[9]

Characteristics

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A typical bull stands on average 1.4 metres (55 in) tall, and a cow 1.3 metres (51 in), with weight up to 600 kg (1300 lb). Heck cattle are twenty to thirty centimeters shorter than the aurochs they were bred to resemble. Heck bulls are not larger than other domestic bulls and actually a little smaller than cattle used in modern intensive agriculture,[9] whilst aurochs bulls reached shoulder heights of between 160 and 180 and in rare cases even 200 cm. Aurochs bulls are believed to have weighed some 700 to 1000 kg (1500 to 2200 lb).[9]

Size is not the only aspect in which Heck cattle differ from their wild ancestor. Heck cattle are bulky like many other domestic breeds, whilst the aurochs, as a wild bovine, had an athletic body shape. The legs of Heck cattle are shorter and the trunk much longer than in the aurochs, in which shoulder height and trunk length nearly equalled each other.[9] Heck cattle have a comparatively small and short head, whilst aurochs had a large elongated head sitting on a muscular neck. Aurochs had well-developed shoulder musculature, carried by long spines, which is absent in Heck cattle. All in all, proportions and body shape of Heck cattle are not significantly similar to the aurochs and do not differ from many other domestic breeds.[9]

The horns of the aurochs had a characteristic and relatively stable shape. At the base they grew outwards-upwards, then forwards-inwards and inwards-upwards at the tips. Aurochs horns were large and thick overall, reaching 80–100 cm in length and 10 cm or more in diameter.[12] However the horns of Heck cattle differ in many respects. Usually they curve too much upwards or outwards compared with the original or do not reach the length or diameter of the aurochs. Often the horns of Heck cattle strongly resemble the breeds it was created from (i.e. Grey Cattle).[9]

In coat colour Heck cattle may resemble the aurochs, the bulls having a black overall coat colour with a light eel stripe and cows displaying a reddish-brown colour. However some Heck bulls may have a light-coloured saddle (which was apparently not present in the European aurochs) and the sexual dimorphism in colour is unclear in most cases; bulls and cows may be dark with a light-coloured saddle, black cows appear regularly and light-coloured bulls are no rarity. There are other deviant colours too, such as individuals having a grayish or gray colour and cows being beige. White patches, typical of pied dairy breeds, appear as well, sometimes to the same extent as in Holstein cattle.[9]

Heck cattle demonstrate a higher amount of heterogeneity than any wild animal or most other domestic breeds. There is considerable variation in coat colour, horn shape and horn dimensions, as well as size and proportions. Besides the features that are desired because they bear resemblance to the aurochs, numerous divergent features may appear (as explained above).

Heck cattle differ in many respects from the aurochs, and there are breeds that resemble the aurochs at least as much, such as the Spanish fighting bull.[10] Nevertheless, they are capable of coping in the wild with cold temperatures or nutrient-poor food. On the other hand, there are other robust cattle breeds that cope with harsh conditions at least as well as Heck cattle, and feral cattle are no rarity.[9]

Use

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Heck cattle have been used in breeding-back projects aimed at creating cattle with closer similarity to the aurochs, such as the German Projekt Taurus and the Dutch Tauros Programme.[22][23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources, annex to The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251057629. Archived 23 June 2020.
  2. ^ Marie Dervillé, Stéphane Patin, Laurent Avon (2009). Races bovines de France: origine, standard, sélection (in French). Paris: Éditions France Agricole. ISBN 9782855571515.
  3. ^ Marleen Felius (1995). Cattle Breeds: An Encyclopedia. Doetinchem, Netherlands: Misset. ISBN 9789054390176.
  4. ^ Breed data sheet: Aurochs-reconstitué / France (Cattle). Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed March 2023.
  5. ^ Breed description: Aurochs (restored). Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover. Archived 15 October 2007.
  6. ^ Breed data sheet: Heck / Netherlands (Cattle). Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed March 2023.
  7. ^ Breed data sheet: Heck / United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Cattle). Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed March 2023.
  8. ^ Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 9781780647944.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m van Vuure, Cis (2005) Retracing the Aurochs - History, Morphology and Ecology of an extinct wild Ox. ISBN 954-642-235-5
  10. ^ a b van Vuure, Cis (2005) Retracing the Aurochs - History, Morphology and Ecology of an extinct wild Ox. ISBN 954-642-235-5
  11. ^ Heck, H. (1951). "The Breeding-Back of the Aurochs". Oryx. 1 (3): 117–122. doi:10.1017/S0030605300035286.
  12. ^ a b Walter Frisch: Der Auerochs - Das europäische Rind. 2010, ISBN 978-3-00-026764-2.
  13. ^ Heinz Heck (1934): "Der Ur." Das Tier und Wir, Monatszeitschrift für alle Tierfreunde. Special edition (Sondernummer), March 1934. Quoted in: T. van Vuure, "History, Morphology and Ecology of the Aurochs (Bos primigenius)," 2002.
  14. ^ Lutz Heck (1934): "Über die Neuzüchtung des Ur oder Auerochs." Berichte der Internationalen Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung des Wisents 3(4):225–294, 1934. Quoted in: T. van Vuure, "History, Morphology and Ecology of the Aurochs (Bos primigenius)," 2002.
  15. ^ Lorimer, J. & Driessen, C. (2016). "Back Breeding the Aurochs: The Heck Brothers, National Socialism, and Imagined Geographies for Non-Human Lebensraum". In Giaccaria, P. & Minca, C. (eds.). Hitler's Geographies: The Spatialities of the Third Reich. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 138–158. ISBN 9780226274423.
  16. ^ Samojlik, T.; Aikhenbaum, J.; Piotr, D.; Selva, N. & Wajrak, A. (2016). "No return for Aurochs. A Letter to Science" (PDF). Organon. 48: 187–189.
  17. ^ Julia Poettinger: Vergleichende Studie zur Haltung und zum Verhalten des Wisents und des Heckrinds. 2011.
  18. ^ "Map taken from the "Staatsbosbeheer Oostvaaderplassen information" leaflet". Archived from the original on 2008-11-22. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
  19. ^ Lorimer, J. & Driessen, C. (2016). "From "Nazi cows" to cosmopolitan "ecological engineers": Specifying rewilding through a history of Heck cattle". Annals of the American Association of Geographers. 106 (3): 631–652. Bibcode:2016AAAG..106..631L. doi:10.1080/00045608.2015.1115332. S2CID 131547744.
  20. ^ Theunissen, B. (2019). "The Oostvaardersplassen Fiasco". Isis. 110 (2): 341–345. doi:10.1086/703338.
  21. ^ van Vuure, T. (2002). "History, morphology, and ecology of the aurochs (Bos primigenius)" (PDF). Lutra.
  22. ^ Uffe Gjøl Sørensen: Vildokserne ved Lille Vildmose 2003–2010. Status rapport med anbefalinger til projektets forvaltning. Archived 2013-11-14 at the Wayback Machine København: UG Sørensen Consult, 2010.
  23. ^ Margret Bunzel-Drüke: ″Projekt Taurus – En økologisk erstatning for uroksen.″ Archived 2011-10-17 at the Wayback Machine Translated into Danish by Karsten Thomsen. Lohne: ABU 2004; Århus: Nepenthes, 2005.

Further reading

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  • International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 2003. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. Bull.Zool.Nomencl., 60:81-84.
  • Vuure, C. van. 2005. Retracing the Aurochs: History, Morphology and Ecology of an Extinct Wild Ox. Pensoft Publishers. Sofia-Moscow.
  • Vuure, C. van. 2002. History, Morphology and Ecology of the Aurochs (Bos primigenius)
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