The Heinzelmännchen (German pronunciation: [ˈhaɪntsl̩ˌmɛnçɛn] ) are a helpful household spirits or kobolds associated with the city of Cologne in Germany, akin to brownies of Scotland.[1]
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It has become traditional to tell their story during Christmas-tide.[2] The creatures are also loosely referred to as "elves",[2] rather in the sense of "The Elves and the Shoemaker".[3]
The little house gnomes are said to have done all the work of the citizens of Cologne during the night, so that the inhabitants of Cologne could be very lazy during the day. According to the legend, this went on until a tailor's wife got so curious to see the gnomes that she scattered peas onto the floor of the workshop to make the gnomes slip and fall. The gnomes, being infuriated, disappeared and never returned. From that time on, the citizens of Cologne had to do all their work by themselves.[4][5]
Nomenclature
editHänneschen once used to be a commonplace character in Cologne's puppet theater.[6] The genuine Kölsch (Colognian) dialect form should be Heizemann/Heizemännche (pl. Heizemänncher), while Heinzelmänchenn is the normalized High German form.[7]
A two-pronged theory on the origin of the name was proposed by Marianne Rumpf (1976),[8] first from the form "Heinzelmännlein" as a colloquial name for mandrake dolls,[9] which evolved into lore about them acting as animated house spirits.[10] Secondly, other than being a personal name, "Heize"[11] or "Heizenkunst" was the name for a water-draining contraption in the Erzgebirge mining region of Saxony.[12] By extrapolation, its operators could have also been called Heinz, according to Rumpf.[13]
Weyden (1826)
editThis legend of the Heinzelmänchenn was first written down by the Cologne teacher Ernst Weyden (1805–1869) in 1826.[14][15][16] It was translated into English by Thomas Keightley and published 1828 in his book The Fairy Mythology.[4][15]
Weyden's account opens thus:
Es mag noch nicht über fünfzig Jahre seyn, daß in Cöln die sogenannten Heinzelmännchen ihr abentheuerliches Wesen trieben. Kleine nackende Männchen waren es, die allerhand thaten, Brodbacken, waschen und dergleichen Hausarbeiten mehrere; so wurde erzählt; doch hatte sie Niemand gesehen[14] |
It is not over fifty years since the Heinzelmänchen, as they are called, used to live and perform their exploits in Cologne. They were little naked mannikins, who used to do all sorts of work; bake bread, wash, and such like house-work. So it is said but no one ever saw them.[17] |
| —Weyden (1826) Cöln's Vorzeit | —Keightley (1828) Fairy Mythology |
While the lore of the Heinzelmänchenn in the city of Cologne was very much alive until c. 1780 according to Weyden, everything about the sprite before that time remains completely in the dark.[18] Weyden seems to have begun his "restoration" effort around 1821.[19]
Kopisch's ballad (1836)
editIn 1836 the painter and poet August Kopisch published a poem beginning with the words:[20] (also reprinted in his 1848 anthology[21] ), which became immensely popular and garnered the poet his fame.[22][23] The opening lines run thus:[20]
Wie war zu Cölln es doch vordem |
Once upon a time in Cologne, |
It has been asserted that the "literary" lore of Heinzelmänchenn only became widely known through Kopisch's poem.[24]
Criticism
editFolklorist Marianne Rumpf (1976) argued that the oral origins material Ernst Weyden (1826) compiled was essentially the sole source Kopisch used to craft his ballad. Some of the underlying assumption, such as Weyden must have owned a considerable library of folkloric writings while Kopisch had none such, has been challenged by Heribert A. Hilgers.[25] Hilgers considers Weyden's effort to be a "restoration" of the Heinzelmännchen-story begun in 1821.[26]
In the HdA or Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens, contributor Lily Weiser-Aall classed the Heinzelmännchen as a "literary name" type of "kobold", crediting Kopisch for its fame.[24]
Popular culture
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Figures of Heinzelmännchen are is featured in various situations at Cologne's annual Christmas season markets held at the Heumarkt and the Alter Markt square (the "Heinzels Wintermärchen").[27]
Monuments
editYou can help expand this section with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (September 2024) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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In Cologne, a fountain (Heinzelmännchenbrunnen) was installed on Straße Am Hof, near the Cologne Cathedral and the city's oldest brewery, the Früh. The fountain commemorates the Heinzelmännchen and the inquisitive tailor's wife, and was constructed 1897–1900 by the sculptor Heinrich Renard and his father Edmund Renard (the Elder). The tailor's wife sculpture was later replaced with a replica, while the original is held in display at Cologne Zeughaus (armoury).[28][29]
Musical adaptations
editThe words were set to music by the German Lieder composer Carl Loewe, who published his "Die Heinzelmännchen" (the brownies), opus 83, in 1841.[30][31]
A carnival song about dedicated helpers "Heizemänncher" was authored by Johannes Matthias Firmenich for the year 1844.[32]
Eilenburg legend
editThe legend about the "little folk" localized in Eilenburg, Saxony (Des kleinen Volkes Hochzeitsfest, Grimms Deutsche Sagen No. 31) has inspired that city to promote their own Heinzelmännchen, including a mascot parodically named "Heinz Elmann".[33][34][35]
See also
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References
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- ^ Guerber, Hélène Adeline (1899) [1895]. "The Heinzelmännchen". Legends of the Rhine (3 ed.). New York: A.S. Barnes & Company. pp. 339–340, note8 to pp. 71–72.
- ^ a b Schwering, Max-Leo (1969). Cologne Panorama: Guide in Color of the Town. Köln: Ziethen Verlag. p. 13.
- ^ Reik, Theodor (1966). The Many Faces of Sex. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. pp. 339–340, note8 to pp. 71–72.
- ^ a b Keightley (1828), 2: 29–31.
- ^ Guerber (1899), pp. 71–72.
- ^ Grässe, Johann Georg Theodor (1856). "Zur Geschichte des Puppenspiels". Die Wissenschaften im neunzehnten Jahrhundert, ihr Standpunkt und die Resultate ihrer Forschungen: Eine Rundschau zur Belehrung für das gebildete Publikum. 1. Romberg: 559–660.
- ^ Hilgers (2001a), p. 49.
- ^ Johann Christoph Adelung: Das Heinzelmännlein
- ^ Adelung, Johann Christoph (1796). "Das Heinzelmännlein Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart, Band 2. e-text @ Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum
- ^ Rumpf (1976), pp. 64, 68–69.
- ^ Adelung, Johann Christoph (1796). "2. Der Heinz Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart, Band 2. e-text @ Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum
- ^ Rumpf (1976), p. 63.
- ^ Rumpf (1976), p. 70.
- ^ a b Weyden, Ernst (1826). . (in German). Cöln am Rhein: Pet. Schmitz. pp. 200–202 – via Wikisource.
- ^ a b Kluge, Friedrich; Seebold, Elmar, eds. (2012) [1899]. "Heinzelmännchen". Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (25 ed.). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 406. ISBN 9783110223651.
- ^ Hilgers (2001a), p. 30: "Diese Aufzeichnung von Ernst Weyden aus dem Jahr 1826 ist diee älteste bisher bekannt gewordene Version der Kölner Heinzelmännchensage".
- ^ Keightley (1828), 2: 29.
- ^ Hilgers (2001a), p. 49: "Die Herkunft der Kölner Heinzelmännchen in der Zeit vor 1826 (oder vor 1780) bleibt, wie es sich für solche Wesen gehört , im Dunkeln.
- ^ Hilgers (2001b), p. 119.
- ^ a b Kopisch, August (1836). "Die Heinzelmännchen". Gedichte (in German). Berlin: Duncker und Humblot. p. 98 – via Wikisource. from scan@books.google, pp. 98–102
- ^ Kopisch, August (1848). "Die Heinzelmännchen". Allerlei Geister. Berlin: Alexander Duncker. pp. 88–92.
- ^ Ayres, Harry Morgan, ed. (1917). "August Kopisch". The Reader's Dictionary of Authors. The Warner Library 28. New York: Warner Library Company.
- ^ Steblin, Rita (2014). "Schubert: The Nonsense Society Revisited". In Gibbs, Christopher H.; Solvik, Morten (eds.). Franz Schubert and His World. Princeton University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9781400865352.
- ^ a b Weiser-Aall, Lily (1987) [1933]. "Kobold". In Bächtold-Stäubli, Hanns [in German]; Hoffmann-Krayer, Eduard (eds.). Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens. Vol. Band 5 Knoblauch-Matthias. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 31–33. ISBN 3-11-011194-2.
- ^ Hilgers (2001a), p. 33.
- ^ Hilgers (2001b), p. 113.
- ^ "Das erwartet Sie beim Kölner Weihnachtsmarkt am Heumarkt und Alter Markt 2023". Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger abonnieren. 12 November 2023.
- ^ Detering, Monika (2020). "10. Die Heinzelmännchen zu Köln". Sagen und Legenden aus Westfalen. New York: Kraterleuchten GmbH. ISBN 9783955405083.
- ^ Strutz, Rudolf J. (2023). "Sehenswert: Heinzelmänchenn". Köln mit den ÖBB. Oebb eBooks by AuVi. p. 9.
- ^ "Loewe: Lieder".
- ^ Youens, Susan (2024). "3. Example 18b.". Hugo Wolf: The Vocal Music. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691265018.
- ^ Hilgers (2001a), p. 48.
- ^ Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR). "Rätsel, Mythen und Legenden - Die Heinzelmännchen von Eilenburg". Archived from the original on 2017-09-12. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
- ^ Stadtverwaltung Eilenburg. "Heinzelmännchensage". Retrieved 2017-09-11.
- ^ Stadtverwaltung Eilenburg. "Vorstellung Heinz Elmann". Retrieved 2017-09-11.
- Bibliography
- Hilgers, Heribert A. [in German] (2001a). "Die Herkunft der Kölner Heinzelmännchen". In Schäfke, Werner [in German] (ed.). Heinzelmännchen: Beiträge zu einer Kölner Sage. Kölnisches Stadtmuseum. pp. 25–55. ISBN 9780738715490.
- —— (2001b). "Kopischs „Heinzelmännchen" auf Kölsch". In Schäfke, Werner [in German] (ed.). Heinzelmännchen: Beiträge zu einer Kölner Sage. Kölnisches Stadtmuseum. pp. 87–. ISBN 9780738715490.
- Keightley, Thomas (1828). "Heinzelmännchen". The Fairy Mythology. Vol. 2. London: William Harrison Ainsworth. pp. 29–31.
- Rumpf, Marianne [in German] (1976). "Wie war zu Cölln es doch vordem mit Heinzelmännchen so bequem". Fabula. 17 (1): 45–74.