Henry fitz Ailwin de Londonstane (c.1135– 19 September 1212) was an English merchant and landowner who served as the first Lord Mayor of London from 1189 to 1212.[1] In office from about 1189 until his death in 1212, he was the only mayor to hold the post for life.[2]
Henry fitz Ailwin de Londonstane | |
|---|---|
_(cropped).png) Engraving of Henry fitz Ailwin | |
| 1st Lord Mayor of London | |
| In office 1189–1212 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Roger FitzAlan |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1135 |
| Died | 19 September 1212 |
| Relations | Son of Ailwin fitz Leofstan, brother of Alan fitz Ailwin. |
| Children | Peter fitz Henry Alan fitz Henry Thomas fitz Henry Richard fitz Henry |
| Occupation | Businessman and landowner |
Origins
editOf mainly English rather than Norman descent, fitz Ailwin's family had been active in the commercial and civic life of London for generations. His grandfather Leofstan (c. 1100–1150) was probably the portreeve of London, who in 1108 was involved in the foundation of Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate. The house of his father Ailwin (of Londonstone) or Ailwin Fitz Leofstan (1120–1165) was where the husting court of London met.[3][4] The husting court was a meeting of Aldermen and other leading citizens, and where important decisions were made about the rapidly growing city of London[4] and was related to the 'Folkmoot', or people's meetings, an earlier, English tradition.[4] Henry Fitz-Ailwin's uncle Robert[5] was an official of the weavers' guild in 1130.[2]
Henry FitzAlwin was also[6] descended from Derman and Alward, nobles who acted as thegns, or 'gentleman retainers' to King William I, and in 1086, were recorded as having a manor at Watton, given to them from King William for their service to him.[7][8] Watton had previously belonged to an Ailwin Horne, thane to King Edward the Confessor. Alward died without issue, and Derman's heir was his brother Leofstan, father of Ailwin or Elwyn, and grandfather of Henry FitzAilwin.[9]
Career
editHis business interests probably centred on making, finishing, and selling cloth.[10] In politics, he was an alderman by 1168 and became one of the most influential men in the city.[2] Under King Richard I and his brother King John, the crown's need to raise finance from London businessmen resulted in the grant of greater autonomy to the city, which previously had been governed by a portreeve, an officer of the crown.[11] Instead, the office of mayor emerged, with Fitz Ailwin first named as such in 1194.[12]
In 1193, in the years before his appointment as Mayor, he was one of those entrusted with the money collected for the King's ransom. He was likely a man of wealth and high regard, having been chosen from among his peers for the office of Mayor. He was likely a remarkable man,[13] who was able to diplomatically maintain acceptability to different political factions, as well as both King John and King Richard.[13] In 1208 negotiated for the use of ground outside the walls as a city burial ground.[2] After the great fire of 1212, he and other city officials issued a code governing new building that expressly emphasized fire prevention and safety.[14] FitzAilwin promulgated the law known as the Assize of Building that forms the basis of the modern law of trespass. The Lex de Assisa authorised ten men, who became known as alder men.[15] Since the devastating fire of Stephen's reign had gutted all London, FitzAilwin was decided that some efforts should be made to bring in Regulations to build houses in stone. The Assize of Nuisance was described by Bracton in his Notes as being applicable to property freeholders, so the damage had to be seen to be believed.[16] According to Glanvill the case was a variant of the novel disseisin, upon which the owner could sue for the damage caused.[17] As parliament's powers grew it developed into twelve men chosen at full Hustings, originally held in FitzAilwin's house, that laid the foundations of the jury system at assizes.[18]
He gave generously to church causes, with endowments to Holy Trinity Priory, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Westminster Abbey, the Chapel of St Thomas on the Bridge completed in 1209, and to the nunneries of St Mary, Clerkenwell and Godstow. He contributed to the foundation of St Mary Spital, and at Watton-at-Stone was remembered as the founder of a chapel. He died on 19 September 1212 and was buried in Holy Trinity Priory, where his tomb could still be seen in the sixteenth century. There was also a memorial to him in the church of St Mary Bothaw.[2]
Landholdings
editHenry fitz Ailwin's main home and business headquarters was in a large house behind St Swithin's Church (a church since demolished), near London Stone accessed off both St Swithin's Lane or Candlewick Street, now Cannon Street. The house eventually became the site of Salter's Hall.[19] In early documents, Henry is recorded as being 'of Londonstone', the mysterious and ancient stone, traditionally associated with London, and the leadership of London.
In 1165 he and his brother Alan inherited their father's lands, including those at Watton-at-Stone in Hertfordshire,[20] which became his country home. He also owned many premises in the eastern half of London[2] and at Edmonton in Middlesex, in Surrey, and beside the Thames in Kent.
Family
editHis widow was named Margaret and was probably the mother of his four sons: Peter, Alan, Thomas and Richard. Peter, the eldest, married Isabel,[21] daughter of Bartholomew de Chesney, of Addington, Surrey, they had children, including a daughter Margaret,[21][22] Peter died between 1203 and 1211, before his father. Henry Fitz-Ailwin died in 1212. His wife Margaret, and three sons all survived him.
Henry's son Alan married, and is known to have had at least one child, Robert FitzAlan,[23] and is buried at Robertsbridge Abbey in East Sussex.[23] Henry FitzAilwin's heiress was his granddaughter Joan (daughter of his eldest son Peter).[24] Joan FitzPeter[25] married William IV Aguillon and in 1235 was the mother of Sir Robert II Aguillon.[2]
Former Chilean president Patricio Aylwin Azócar is a distant descendant of his.[26]
References
edit- ^ "History of the Mayoralty". City of London. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g Keene, Derek. "Henry fitz Ailwin (d. 1212)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9526. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ English Lawsuits from William I to Richard I, ed. R. C. van Caenegem, 2 vols. (London, 1990–1), no. 270.
- ^ a b c Naismith, Rory (July 2019). "The Origins of the Husting and the Folkmoot" (PDF). History. 104 (361): 409–424. doi:10.1111/1468-229X.12816. S2CID 166637722.
- ^ Round, J H (October 1887). "THE FIRST MAYOR OF LONDON". The Antiquary. 16. London: 183. ProQuest 6672456.
- ^ 'Parishes: Watton-at-Stone', in A History of the County of Hertford: Volume 3, ed. William Page (London, 1912), pp. 158–165. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/herts/vol3/pp158-165 [accessed 28 September 2022].'Parishes: Watton-at-Stone', in A History of the County of Hertford: Volume 3, ed. William Page (London, 1912), pp. 158-165. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/herts/vol3/pp158-165 [accessed 28 September 2022].https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/herts/vol3/pp158-165#anchorn24
- ^ Chauncy, sir Henry (1826). The historical antiquities of Hertfordshire. J.M. Mullinger.
- ^ 'Parishes: Watton-at-Stone', in A History of the County of Hertford: Volume 3, ed. William Page (London, 1912), pp. 158-165. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/herts/vol3/pp158-165 [accessed 28 September 2022]. https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/herts/vol3/pp158-165#anchorn24
- ^ "Parishes: Watton-at-Stone | British History Online".
- ^ "The Lord Mayors of London | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- ^ Charles Knight, The Popular History of England (1856) Bradbury and Evans
- ^ "Chronicles of the Mayors and Sheriffs: 1188-1239 | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- ^ a b "Henry FitzAilwin – the first Mayor of London | the History of London".
- ^ "London Nuisance, 1301–1431: A Calendar". London: London Record Society. 1973. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
- ^ Chronicles of the mayors and sheriffs of London translated by H.T. Riley (1863); 'Liber Albus', ed. H.T.Riley, Munimenta Gildhallae Londoniensis, i, (1859), pp.319-32
- ^ Bracton, De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae, ed. G. E. Woodbine, iii (1940), 189–99. Cf. Fleta, iii (Selden Soc., lxxxix, 1972), 110–18.
- ^ Glanvill, Tractatus de legibus, ed. G. D. G. Hall (1965), 34–6.
- ^ Liber Albus., i, 321–1
- ^ "Oxford Place". www.british-history.ac.uk/. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- ^ "History of Watton-atte-Stone". Retrieved 11 May 2018.
- ^ a b "Works of the Camden Society". 1846.
- ^ Manning, Owen; Bray, William (1974). The History and Antiquities of the County of Surrey. EP Pub. in collaboration with Surrey County Library. ISBN 9780854096039.
- ^ a b Report on the manuscripts of Lord De l'Isle & Dudley preserved at Penhurst Place. London, England: H.M.S.O. 1925.
- ^ Cronica maiorum et vicecomitum Londoniarum. Sumptibus Societatis Camdenensis. 1846.
- ^ "Parishes: Addington | British History Online".
- ^ "Archivo Patricio Aylwin". www.archivopatricioaylwin.cl. Retrieved 7 October 2022.