Heliconius hermathena, the Hermathena longwing, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is endemic to white sand areas of the Amazon basin. Heliconius hermathena is a sand forest nymphalid butterfly and they are typically lowland tropical forest organisms although a handful subspecies can be found in southeastern Brazil and part of the dry forests of Peru.[1]
| Heliconius hermathena | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Genus: | Heliconius |
| Species: | H. hermathena
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| Binomial name | |
| Heliconius hermathena Hewitson, 1854
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| Synonyms | |
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Heliconius hermathena is distinguished by its red, black, and yellow wing color.
Biographical History
editDuring the Quaternary climatic cycles, resulting forest islands in the American tropics produced a widespread of evolutionary new species and eventually these forests branched out, during wetter periods, to meet with sister zones.
However, as these Neotropical forests reach their peak expansions, natural scrubs and field vegetation declined making them a habitat for high-light, low-humidity, and often harsh conditions.[2]
These conditions gave rise to a variety of new species such as Heliconius hermathena.
Characteristic
editThey exhibit a non-mimetic pattern because of their strong distinction from other butterflies in the Amazonia or Neotropical areas.
Male butterflies dominate the population and are depicted with greater wing sizes than the females while both sexes display a survivorship curve of Type 2.[3]
The larvae feed primarily on plants of the family Passifloraceae.
Etymology
editHermathena is a herm of Athena, a composite form of the Greek gods Hermes and Athena.[4]
Subspecies
edit- H. h. hermathena
- H. h. duckei K. Brown & Benson, 1977 (Brazil: Pará)
- H. h. renatae K. Brown & F. Fernández, 1985 (Venezuela)
- H. h. sabinae Neukirchen, 1992 (Brazil: Amazonas)
- H. h. sheppardi K. Brown & Benson, 1977 (Brazil: Amazonas)
- H. h. vereatta Stichel, 1912 (Brazil: Pará)
References
edit- ^ Freitas, A V L; Ramos, R R; Silva-Brandão, K L; Coutouné, N; Magaldi, L M; Pablos, J L; Rosser, N; Brown, K S (June 2019). "A New Subspecies of Heliconius hermathena (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) from Southern Amazonia". Neotropical Entomology. 48 (3): 467–475. doi:10.1007/s13744-018-0658-8. ISSN 1519-566X. PMID 30542982. S2CID 54469700.
- ^ Brown, Keith S.; Benson, Woodruff W. (1977). "Evolution in Modern Amazonian Non-Forest Islands: Heliconius hermathena". Biotropica. 9 (2): 95–117. Bibcode:1977Biotr...9...95B. doi:10.2307/2387664. ISSN 0006-3606. JSTOR 2387664.
- ^ Seixas, Rany R.; Santos, Suzane E.; Okada, Yukari; Freitas, André V. L. (September 2017). "Population Biology of the Sand Forest Specialist Butterfly Heliconius hermathena hermathena (Hewitson) (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) in Central Amazonia)". Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 71 (3): 133–140. doi:10.18473/lepi.71i3.a2. ISSN 0024-0966. S2CID 90662480.
- ^ Heliconius hermathena etymology
External links
edit
- Tree of Life: Heliconius hermathena
- Butterflies of America: Heliconius hermathena species
- ADW: Heliconius hermathena classification
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