Hilda Margaret Bruce (5 April 1903 – 2 November 1974) was a British zoologist, best known for her discovery of the Bruce effect, a pheromonal behaviour observed in many rodent species.[1] Her work on the control of fertility earned her the Oliver Bird Medal.
Hilda Bruce | |
|---|---|
| Born | 5 April 1903 |
| Died | 11 February 1974 (aged 70) |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | King's College for Women |
| Known for | Discovering the Bruce effect |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Zoologist |
| Institutions | National Institute for Medical Research Pharmaceutical Society |
Biography
editHilda Bruce was born on 5 April 1903. She was educated at St Leonards School.[2] In 1923, she began her tertiary studies at King's College for Women, where she received a BSc in Household and Social Science, and another in Physiology.[2] In 1928, Bruce joined the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) at Mount Vernon, Hampstead.[3] Her early research was dedicated towards the understanding of Vitamin D; she also jointly published the first article describing the breeding characteristics of the golden hamster.[4] In 1933, Bruce was employed by the Pharmaceutical Society, where she continued her research on Vitamin D.[3][2] In 1941, she was appointed to set up the Cod Liver Oil (Poultry) Standardisation Laboratory. In 1944, she returned to the NIMR, where she formulated specialised diets for laboratory animals.[3][2]
From the early 1950s, Bruce turned her attentions towards sexual behaviour in rodents, particularly the Whitten effect.[3] In 1959, she published her discovery of what is now called the Bruce effect, the termination of pregnancy following exposure to the scent of an unfamiliar male.[5] Bruce retired from the NIMR in 1963, but continued part-time research, variously on nutrients, development and pheromones, at the Department of Investigative Medicine in Cambridge.[2] She continued work at the Department until 1973.[2] In her later years, Bruce largely used a wheelchair, having been afflicted with worsening rheumatoid arthritis since 1942.[2]
Bruce effect
editThroughout the 1950s, Bruce studied sexual behaviour in laboratory mice, with a particular interest in oestrus synchronisation.[2] In one experiment, she housed newly mated pregnant females with male mice that were not the father of the carried embryo. As a result, the rate of miscarriages increased, these females subsequently returning to oestrus and mating with the new male.[5] No increased rate of miscarriages occurred when pregnant mice were paired with juvenile or castrated mice.[6]
Her colleague Alan Parkes, who had recruited her to the NIMR in 1944,[3] helped her to pursue the initial findings that eventually lead to this discovery.[7]
The National Institute for Medical Research
editFollowing the isolation of pure vitamin D in 1931, Bruce worked in collaboration with Askew, Philpot and Webster in the Department of Biological Standards, determining the stability of the pure substance.[8] At this time, Bruce was also working with Dr Callow in the Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Biochemistry, determining the healing effect of vitamin D in rats with rickets.[9]
Publications
edit- Bourdillon, R. B.; Bruce, H. M. (1 January 1932). "The determination of vitamin D". Biochemical Journal. 26 (2): 506–521. doi:10.1042/bj0260506. PMC 1260932. PMID 16744851.
- Bruce, H. M. (1934). "Interaction of vitamin D and dietary factors in the healing of rickets in rats". Biochemical Journal. 28 (2): 512–516. doi:10.1042/bj0280512. PMC 1253223. PMID 16745413.
- Bruce, H. M.; Hindle, E. (July 1934). "The Golden Hamster, Cricetus (Mesocricetus) auratus Waterhouse. Notes on its Breeding and Growth". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 104 (2): 361–366. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1934.tb07757.x.
- Bruce, Hilda M. (1959). "An Exteroceptive Block to Pregnancy in the Mouse". Nature. 184 (4680): 105. doi:10.1038/184105a0. PMID 13805128.
- Bruce, H. M. (1965). "Effect of Castration on the Reproductive Pheromones of Male Mice". Reproduction. 10: 141–3. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.485.8060. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0100141. PMID 14337805.
References
edit- ^ Bracey, Ed (December 2011). "The sense of smell – A milestone to understanding the brain". Mill Hill Essays via NIMR History. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Parkes, Alan S. (1977). "H. M. Bruce 1903-1974". Reproduction. 49 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.04900NP-c. PMID 319228.
- ^ a b c d e MRC National Institute for Medical Research (2014). A Century of Science and Health. MRC National Institute for Medical Research. p. 208.
- ^ Hindle, H. M. Bruce and E. (2010). "The Golden Hamster, Cricetus (Mesocricetus) auratus Waterhouse. Notes on its Breeding and Growth". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 104 (2): 361–6. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1934.tb07757.x.
- ^ a b Bruce, Hilda M. (1959). "An Exteroceptive Block to Pregnancy in the Mouse". Nature. 184 (4680): 105. doi:10.1038/184105a0. PMID 13805128.
- ^ Bruce, H. M. (1965). "Effect of Castration on the Reproductive Pheromones of Male Mice". Reproduction. 10: 141–3. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.485.8060. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0100141. PMID 14337805.
- ^ Polge, Christopher (2006). "Sir Alan Stirling Parkes 10 September 1900 – 17 July 1990". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 52: 263–283. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2006.0019. PMID 18543475.
- ^ Report of the Medical Research Council for the Year 1932–1933. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1934. p. 65.
- ^ Report of the Medical Research Council for the Year 1932–1933. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1934. p. 53.