Wikipedia

Komi Republic

(Redirected from History of the Komi Republic)
"Коми" redirects here. For the former ASSR, see Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

The Komi Republic (Russian: Республика Коми; Komi: Коми Республика), sometimes simply referred to as Komi,[14] is a republic of Russia situated in the northeast of European Russia. Its capital is the city of Syktyvkar. The population of the republic at the 2021 census was 737,853,[8] down from 901,189 at the 2010 census.[15]

Komi Republic
Republic
Республика Коми
Other transcription(s)
 • KomiКоми Республика
Kozhim river, Yugyd Va National Park
Flag of Komi Republic
Flag
Coat of arms of Komi Republic
Coat of arms
Anthem: State Anthem of the Komi Republic[3]
Coordinates: 64°17′N 54°28′E / 64.283°N 54.467°E / 64.283; 54.467
CountryRussia
Federal districtNorthwestern[1]
Economic regionNorthern[2]
CapitalSyktyvkar[4]
Government
 • BodyState Council[5]
 • Acting Head[5]Rostislav Goldstein[6]
Area
[7]
 • Total
416,774 km2 (160,917 sq mi)
 • Rank13th
Population
 (2021 census)[8]
 • Total
737,853
 • Estimate 
(2018)[9]
840,873
 • Rank61st
 • Density1.8/km2 (4.6/sq mi)
 • Urban
77.5%
 • Rural
22.5%
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[10])
ISO 3166 codeRU-KO
License plates11
OKTMO ID87000000
Official languagesRussian;[11] Komi[12]
Websitehttp://www.rkomi.ru

History

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Map of the Komi Republic.

The Komi people first feature in the records of the Novgorod Republic in the 11th century, when traders from Novgorod traveled to the Perm region in search of furs and animal hides. The Novgorodians called these lands Zavolochye ("beyond the portage"), from the Russian word volok ("portage"), and the Komi were referred to as "the Chud beyond the portage".[16] The Novgorodians penetrated deep into these lands, and the methods used were typical of those used by later Russians in subsequent campaigns.[16]

The Moscow principality also played an increasing role in the expansion into Komi territories, accompanied by a great increase in monastic activity in the 14th and 15th centuries under the influence of the Russian Orthodox Church.[16] The missionary Stephen of Perm, a native of Ustyug, created the first alphabet for the Komi, known by contemporary Russians as Zyrians (zyriane).[16] He settled in Ust-Vym and became the first bishop of Perm.[16] After Novgorod was annexed by Moscow, the Komi territories came under the influence of Moscow in the late 15th and early 16th century. The site of Syktyvkar, settled from the 16th century, was known as Sysolskoye (Сысольскoe). In 1780, under Catherine the Great, it was renamed to Ust-Sysolsk (Усть-Сысольск) and used as a penal colony.

Russians explored the Komi territory most extensively in the 19th and early 20th centuries, starting with the expedition led by Alexander von Keyserling in 1843. They found ample reservoirs of various minerals, as well as timber, to exploit. After the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922, the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast was established on August 22, 1921,[17] and on December 5, 1936, it was reorganized into the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with its administrative center located at the town of Syktyvkar.

Many of the "settlers" who arrived in the early 20th century were prisoners of the Gulag – sent by the hundreds of thousands to perform forced labor in the Arctic regions of the USSR. Towns sprang up around labor-camp sites, which gangs of prisoners initially carved out of the untouched tundra and taiga. The first mine, "Rudnik No. 1", became the city of Vorkuta, and other towns of the region have similar origins: "Prisoners planned and built all of the republic's major cities, not just Ukhta but also Syktyvkar, Pechora, Vorkuta, and Inta. Prisoners built Komi's railways and roads, as well as its original industrial infrastructure."[18] On 21 March 1996, the Komi Republic signed a power-sharing agreement with the government of Russia, granting it autonomy.[19] The agreement was abolished on 20 May 2002.[20]

Geography

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Yugyd Va National Park

The republic is situated to the west of the Ural Mountains, in the north-east of the East European Plain. The Polar Urals rise in the northeastern part.[21] Forests cover over 70% of the territory, and swamps cover approximately 15%. The Komi Republic is the second-largest federal region by area in European Russia after Arkhangelsk Oblast.

Rivers

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Major rivers include:

Lakes

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There are many lakes in the republic. Major lakes include:

Natural resources

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The Vym River, Komi Republic, Russia.

The republic's natural resources include coal, oil, natural gas, gold, diamonds, and timber.[22][23] Native reindeer are in abundance and have been intentionally bred for human usage by the indigenous population.[citation needed]

Around 32,800 km2 of mostly boreal forest (as well as some alpine tundra and meadows) in the Republic's Northern Ural Mountains have been recognized in 1995 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Virgin Komi Forests. It is the first natural UNESCO World Heritage Site in Russia and the largest expanse of virgin forests in Europe. The site includes two pre-existing protected areas: Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve (created in 1930) and Yugyd Va National Park (created in 1994).

Climate

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Winters in the republic are long and cold, and the summers, while short, are quite warm.

  • Average January temperature: −17 °C (1 °F) (southern parts) to −20 °C (−4 °F) (northern parts)
  • Average July temperature: 11 °C (52 °F) (northern parts) to 15 °C (59 °F) (southern parts)
  • Lowest recorded temperature: −58.1 °C (−72.6 °F) (village of Ust-Shchuger)
  • Average annual precipitation: 625 mm (24.6 in)

Manpupuner and the 7 Strong Men rock formations

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Main article: Manpupuner rock formations

Deemed one of the Seven Wonders of Russia, the Komi Republic is home to Manpupuner (Man-Pupu-Nyer), a mysterious site in the northern Ural mountains, in the Troitsko-Pechorsky District, made out of seven rock towers bursting out of the flat plateau known as the "7 Strong Men". Manpupuner is a very popular attraction in Russia, but not on an international level. Information regarding its origin is scarce. However, it is known that their height and abnormal shapes make the top of these rock giants inaccessible even to experienced rock-climbers.

Administrative divisions

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Main article: Administrative divisions of the Komi Republic

Demographics

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Komi people

Population: 737,853 (2021 Census);[24] 901,189 (2010 Census);[15] 1,018,674 (2002 Census);[25] 1,261,024 (1989 Soviet census).[26]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1897171,000—    
1926207,314+21.2%
1939318,969+53.9%
1959815,799+155.8%
1970964,802+18.3%
19791,118,121+15.9%
19891,261,024+12.8%
20021,018,674−19.2%
2010901,189−11.5%
2021737,853−18.1%
Source: Census data
17-12-1926 17-01-1939 17-01-1959 15-01-1970 17-01-1979 17-01-1989 09-10-2002 14-10-2010
Total population 207,314 318,996 806,199 964,802 1,110,361 1,250,847 1,018,674 901,189
Average annual population growth +1.7% +1.6% +1.3% -1.6% -1.5%
Males 46% 49% 52% 50% 51% 50% 48%
Females 54% 51% 48% 50% 49% 50% 52%
Females per 1000 males
Proportion urban 4.4% 9.1% 59.4% 61.9% 70.8% 75.5% 75.3%
Territory (km2) 434,150 415,900 415,900 415,900 415,900 415,900 415,900 415,900
Population density/km2 0.5 0.8 1.9 2.3 2.7 3.0 2.4 2.2

Settlements

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Vital statistics

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Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service
Average population (x 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rate
1920 4 760 4 353 407
1930 10 256 6 574 3 682
1940 14 976 12 134 2 842
1945 6 432 6 185 247
1950 534 20 087 6 002 14 085 37.6 11.2 26.4
1960 836 25 578 5 010 20 568 30.6 6.0 24.6
1965 938 18 956 5 241 13 715 20.2 5.6 14.6
1970 970 16 462 6 276 10 186 17.0 6.5 10.5
1975 1 044 18 899 7 284 11 615 18.1 7.0 11.1
1980 1 137 20 685 9 169 11 516 18.2 8.1 10.1
1981 1 153 21 244 9 103 12 141 18.4 7.9 10.5
1982 1 169 23 420 8 758 14 662 20.0 7.5 12.5
1983 1 185 23 806 9 250 14 556 20.1 7.8 12.3
1984 1 199 24 217 9 486 14 731 20.2 7.9 12.3
1985 1 213 23 303 9 334 13 969 19.2 7.7 11.5
1986 1 228 24 176 8 112 16 064 19.7 6.6 13.1
1987 1 242 23 616 8 544 15 072 19.0 6.9 12.1
1988 1 256 20 916 8 930 11 986 16.7 7.1 9.5
1989 1 256 18 481 8 857 9 624 14.7 7.1 7.7
1990 1 244 16 930 9 321 7 609 13.6 7.5 6.1 1.873
1991 1 231 15 589 9 665 5 924 12.7 7.9 4.8
1992 1 214 13 880 11 426 2 454 11.4 9.4 2.0
1993 1 199 12 158 14 642 - 2 484 10.1 12.2 - 2.1
1994 1 174 11 835 16 074 - 4 239 10.1 13.7 - 3.6
1995 1 145 11 105 15 057 - 3 952 9.7 13.2 - 3.5 1.317
1996 1 124 10 900 13 674 - 2 774 9.7 12.2 - 2.5
1997 1 106 10 388 12 244 - 1 856 9.4 11.1 - 1.7
1998 1 087 10 793 11 545 - 752 9.9 10.6 - 0.7
1999 1 068 9 680 12 253 - 2 573 9.1 11.5 - 2.4
2000 1 050 9 906 13 594 - 3 688 9.4 12.9 - 3.5 1.219
2001 1 036 10 325 13 968 - 3 643 10.0 13.5 - 3.5 1.272
2002 1 021 11 177 15 265 - 4 088 10.9 15.0 - 4.0 1.374
2003 1 004 11 462 15 810 - 4 348 11.4 15.8 - 4.3 1.401
2004 987 11 489 15 210 - 3 721 11.6 15.4 - 3.8 1.397
2005 971 10 975 15 074 - 4 099 11.3 15.5 - 4.2 1.332
2006 955 10 872 13 519 - 2 647 11.4 14.1 - 2.8 1.318
2007 941 11 523 12 304 - 781 12.2 13.1 - 0.8 1.406
2008 928 11 719 12 270 - 551 12.6 13.2 - 0.6 1.452
2009 916 11 868 12 182 - 314 13.0 13.3 - 0.3 1.62
2010 903 11 648 11 819 - 171 12.9 13.1 - 0.2 1.63
2011 11 715 11 097 + 443 13.0 12.4 + 0.6 1.71
2012 890 12 418 10 830 + 1 588 14.0 12.2 + 1.8 1.88
2013 876 12 436 10 484 + 1 952 14.2 12.0 + 2.2 1.96
2014 868 12 291 10 621 + 1 670 14.2 12.2 + 2.0 2.01
2015 861 11 797 10 666 + 1 131 13.6 12.3 + 1.3 2.00
2016 854 11 239 10 523 + 716 13.1 12.3 + 0.8 1.97
2017 845 9 766 9 958 - 192 11.5 11.8 - 0.3 1.78

Regional vital statistics for 2011

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Source:[27]

District Birth Rate Death Rate Natural Growth Rate Russians as % of Pop Native Komi and Nenets as % of Pop
Komi Republic 13.0 12.4  0.06% 96.05% 3.95%
Syktyvkar 12.5 10.2  0.23% 97.61% 2.39%
Vorkuta 11.8 9.7  0.21% 92.33% 7.67%
Vuktyl 11.2 12.6  -0.14% 95.27% 4.73%
Inta 11.1 12.6  -0.15% 95.40% 4.60%
Pechora 13.0 13.6  -0.06% 96.89% 3.11%
Sosnogorsk 12.6 14.4  -0.18% 97.02% 2.98%
Usinsk 14.7 9.0  0.57% 86.04% 13.96%
Ukhta 11.0 10.7  0.03% 96.20% 3.80%
Izhemsky 19.1 18.8  0.03% 99.62% 0.38%
Knyazhpogostsky 11.6 15.9  -0.43% 95.50% 4.50%
Koygorodsky 16.2 18.3  -0.21% 97.89% 2.11%
Kortkerossky 16.9 18.6  -0.17% 98.86% 1.14%
Priluzsky 15.6 18.4  -0.28% 98.98% 1.02%
Syktyvdinsky 17.3 13.3  0.40% 98.11% 1.89%
Sysolsky 16.4 17.6  -0.12% 98.37% 1.63%
Troitsko-Pechorsky 14.0 17.9  -0.39% 97.80% 2.20%
Udorsky 15.6 13.1  0.25% 95.33% 4.67%
Ust-Vymsky 12.0 15.8  -0.38% 96.48% 3.52%
Ust-Kulomsky 19.2 18.9  0.03% 98.96% 1.04%
Ust-Tsilemsky 16.1 15.4  0.07% 99.62% 0.38%

Ethnic groups

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According to the 2010 Census,[15] ethnic Russians make up 65.1% of the republic's population, while the ethnic Komi make up 23.7%. Other groups include Ukrainians (4.2%), Tatars (1.3%), Belarusians (1%), Ethnic Germans (0.6%), Chuvash (0.6%), Azeris (0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.

Ethnic
group 		1926 census
(1926 territory)1 		1926 census
(present territory) 		1939 census 1959 census 1970 census 1979 census 1989 census 2002 census 2010 census2 2021 census
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Komi 191,245 92.2% 195,400 86.9% 231,301 72.5% 245,074 30.4% 276,178 28.6% 280,798 25.3% 291,542 23.3% 256,464 25.2% 202,348 23.7% 127,350 22.3%
Russians 13,731 6.6% 28,300 12.6% 70,226 22.0% 389,995 48.4% 512,203 53.1% 629,523 56.7% 721,780 57.7% 607,021 59.6% 555,963 65.1% 398,547 69.7%
Ukrainians 34 0.0% 200 0.1% 6,010 1.9% 80,132 9.9% 82,955 8.6% 94,154 8.5% 104,170 8.3% 62,115 6.1% 36,082 4.2% 11,041 1.9%
Nenets 2,080 1.0% 1,000 0.4% 508 0.2% 374 0.0% 369 0.0% 366 0.0% 376 0.0% 708 0.1% 215 0.0%
Tatars 33 0.0% 709 0.2% 8,459 1.0% 11,906 1.2% 17,836 1.6% 25,980 2.1% 15,680 1.5% 10,779 1.3% 4,083 0.7%
Belarusians 11 0.0% 3,323 1.0% 22,339 2.8% 24,706 2.6% 24,763 2.2% 26,730 2.1% 15,212 1.5% 8,859 1.0% 2,639 0.5%
Others 180 0.1% 6,919 2.2% 59,826 7.4% 56,485 5.9% 62,921 5.7% 80,269 6.4% 61,474 6.0% 40,272 4.7% 39,564 4.6% 28,008 4.9%
1 The territory of the Komi AO was different from the Komi Republic.

2 Excluding 46,886 people who were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[28]

Religion

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Religion in Komi Republic as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[29][30]
Russian Orthodoxy
 
 30.2%
Other Orthodox
 
 0.6%
Old Believers
 
 0.6%
Other Christians
 
 4.9%
Islam
 
 0.9%
Rodnovery and other native faiths
 
 0.9%
Spiritual but not religious
 
 41%
Atheism and irreligion
 
 14.5%
Other and undeclared
 
 6.4%

According to a 2012 survey,[29] 30.2% of the population of Komi adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Rodnovers or Komi native religious believers, 1% are Muslims, 1% are Orthodox Christians not belonging to churches or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, 1% are Old Believers, and 0.4% are members of the Catholic Church. In addition, 41% of the population declared to be "spiritual but not religious", 14% is atheist, and 6.4% follows other religions or failed to answer the question.[29]

Education

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There are over 450 secondary schools in the republic (with ~180,000 students). The most important higher education facilities include Komi Republican Academy of State Service and Administration, Syktyvkar State University and Ukhta State Technical University.

Politics

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The head of government in the Komi Republic is the Head of the Republic. As of 2024, the current Head is Rostislav Goldshteyn.

The State Council is the legislature.

Economy

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The Komi Republic's major industries include oil processing, timber, woodworking, paper, natural gas and electric power industries. Major industrial centers are Syktyvkar, Inta, Pechora, Sosnogorsk, Ukhta, and Vorkuta.

Komigaz conducts natural gas transportation and distribution. The Yaregskoye oil field is developed by Lukoil.[31]

The petroleum, wood and paper industries made up 94.5% of the Republic’s exports in 2021.

Transportation

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Railroad transportation is very well developed. The most important railroad line is Kotlas–Vorkuta–Salekhard, which is used to ship most goods in and out of the republic. The rivers Vychegda and Pechora are navigable. There are airports in Syktyvkar, Ukhta, and Vorkuta.

In 1997, total railroad trackage was 1,708 km, automobile roads 4,677 km.

Sports

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Stroitel plays again in the Russian Bandy Super League in the 2017–18 season, after several years in Russian Bandy Supreme League, the second highest division. In 2015 a bandy federation for the republic was founded.[32] In 2016 the authorities presented a five-year plan to develop bandy in the republic.[33] There was an application in place to host the 2021 Bandy World Championship,[34] but it was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and then cancelled after many participants pulled out after the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.[35]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  2. ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  3. ^ Lw #XII-20/5
  4. ^ Constitution of the Komi Republic, Article 69
  5. ^ a b Constitution, Article 8
  6. ^ Official website of the Komi Republic. Sergey Gaplikov Archived June 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  7. ^ "Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)". Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  8. ^ a b "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  9. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  10. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  11. ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  12. ^ Constitution of the Komi Republic, Article 67
  13. ^ Komi ASSR. Administrative-Territorial Structure, p. 5
  14. ^ Komi
  15. ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  16. ^ a b c d e Forsyth, James (September 8, 1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–5. ISBN 978-0-521-47771-0.
  17. ^ Коми Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  18. ^ Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History (Random House, Inc., 2004: ISBN 1-4000-3409-4), pp. 78, 82.
  19. ^ "Russia Signs Power-Sharing Treaty with Komi Republic". Jamestown. March 21, 1996. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  20. ^ Chuman, Mizuki. "The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia" (PDF). Demokratizatsiya: 146.
  21. ^ Google Earth
  22. ^ Walker, T. R., Crittenden, P. D., Dauvalter, V. A., Jones, V., Kuhry, P., Loskutova, O., ... & Pystina, T. (2009). Multiple indicators of human impacts on the environment in the Pechora Basin, north-eastern European Russia. Ecological Indicators, 9(4), 765-779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.09.008
  23. ^ Walker, T. R., Habeck, J. O., Karjalainen, T. P., Virtanen, T., Solovieva, N., Jones, V., ... & Patova, E. (2006). Perceived and measured levels of environmental pollution: interdisciplinary research in the subarctic lowlands of northeast European Russia. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 35(5), 220-228. https://doi.org/10.1579/06-A-127R.1
  24. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  25. ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  26. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  27. ^ "База данных показателей муниципальных образований". www.gks.ru. Archived from the original on April 9, 2013.
  28. ^ "Перепись-2010: русских становится больше". Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
  29. ^ a b c "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia" Archived September 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Sreda, 2012.
  30. ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
  31. ^ "Geology and field development - Financial economics of the Arman oil field in Kazakhstan" (PDF). Lukoil. 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
  32. ^ "Ренессанс в Коми" [Renaissance in the Komi Republic]. rusbandy.ru. November 28, 2017.
  33. ^ "В Коми разработана Стратегия развития хоккея с мячом на "пятилетку"" [Komi has developed a five-year plan for bandy development]. sportrk.ru. March 4, 2016. Archived from the original on April 15, 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  34. ^ "Республика Коми подала заявку на проведение ЧМ-2021 по хоккею с мячом" [Komi Republic bids to host the 2021 Bandy World Championship]. sport.ru. February 4, 2017.
  35. ^ "Herrarnas bandy-VM i Ryssland ställs in - ryssarna stängs av från mästerskap i Sverige". March 2022.

Sources

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  • 17 февраля 1994 г. «Конституция Республики Коми», в ред. Закона №67-РЗ от 23 октября 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Конституцию Республики Коми». Вступил в силу 10 марта 1994 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Красное знамя", №45, 10 марта 1994 г. (February 17, 1994 Constitution of the Komi Republic, as amended by the Law #67-RZ of October 23, 2015 On Amending the Constitution of the Komi Republic. Effective as of March 10, 1994 (with the exception of several clauses).).
  • Государственный Совет Республики Коми. Закон №XII-20/5 от 6 июня 1994 г. «О государственном гимне Республики Коми», в ред. Закона №44-РЗ от 4 июля 2006 г «О внесении изменений и дополнения в Закон Республики Коми "О Государственном гимне Республики Коми"pp». Вступил в силу 11 июня 1994 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Красное Знамя", No.109, 11 июня 1994 г. (State Council of the Komi Republic. Law #XII-20/5 of June 6, 1994 On the State Anthem of the Komi Republic, as amended by the Law #44-RZ of July 4, 2006 On Amending and Supplementing the Law of the Komi Republic "On the State Anthem of the Komi Republic". Effective as of June 11, 1994 (with the exception of certain clauses).).
  • "Коми АССР. Административно-территориальное деление на 1 июля 1968 г." Коми книжное издательство. Сыктывкар, 1968. (Komi ASSR. Administrative-Territorial Structure as of July 1, 1968)

Further reading

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  • Pearson, M., Ojanen, P., Havimo, M., Kuuluvainen, T. & Vasander, H. (eds.) 2007. On the European Edge: Journey through Komi Nature and Culture. University of Helsinki Department of Forest Ecology Publications 36. 216 pp. ISBN 978-952-10-3898-3.
  • Strogoff, M., Brochet, P. & Auzias, D. 2005. Guidebook Komi Republic. Avant-Garde Publishers, Moscow. 176 pp. ISBN 5-86394-255-X.
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