The Hitler and Mannerheim recording is a 1942 recording of a private conversation between German dictator Adolf Hitler, and Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Defence Forces. It took place on a secret visit made to Finland by Hitler to honour Mannerheim's 75th birthday on 4 June 1942, during the Continuation War, a sub-theatre of World War II. Thor Damen, a sound engineer for the Finnish broadcaster Yleisradio (YLE) who had been assigned to record the official birthday proceedings, recorded the first eleven minutes of Hitler and Mannerheim's private conversation—without Hitler's knowledge. It is the only known recording of Hitler speaking in an unofficial tone.
Visit by Hitler
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In June 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Despite the initial and overwhelming success of the campaign, the Soviets repulsed the German assault on Moscow and stalled the German advance.[2][3][4] Hitler required his allies – including Finland, which was fighting its second war with the Soviet Union in two years – to tie down as much of the enormous Soviet military machine as possible.[5]
In 1942, Hitler, under extreme secrecy, visited Finland, officially to congratulate Mannerheim on his 75th birthday.[6][3] Mannerheim did not wish to greet Hitler at his headquarters, as it would have appeared like a state visit.[7] Therefore, the meeting occurred at Imatra in southern Finland.[8] At Immola Airfield, Hitler was greeted and accompanied by President Risto Ryti and Finnish officials to Mannerheim's personal train, where a birthday meal and negotiations took place.[6][3]
Recording
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After the official greetings and speeches had taken place, Hitler and Mannerheim, accompanied by other German and Finnish officials, entered Mannerheim's private wagon for cigars, drinks, and lunch.[7][9] In this wagon, a large and visible microphone had been set up by Thor Damen, a sound engineer for the Finnish broadcaster Yleisradio (YLE), who had been assigned to record Hitler's official speech and birthday message to Mannerheim.[7][9]
After the official speeches, Damen continued to record the now-private conversation, with Hitler unaware that the conversation was still being recorded.[6][3][9] After eleven minutes, Hitler's SS guards realised what Damen was doing and made a cutthroat gesture to demand that he cease recording.[3][6][7][9] The SS guards demanded the tape be destroyed, but YLE was allowed to keep the tape in a sealed container with the promise that it never be opened again.[3][7][9] The tape was given to the head of the State Censors' Office, Kustaa Vilkuna, returned to YLE in 1957, and made publicly available a few years later. It is the only known recording of Hitler speaking in an unofficial tone and one of the very few recordings in which Hitler may be heard delivering a narrative without raising his voice.[9]
The conversation
editWhile the official reason for Hitler's visit – which had been arranged just the day before – was to celebrate Mannerheim's birthday, Hitler's actual purpose was to ensure that Finland would remain allied to Nazi Germany by reiterating the dangers of Bolshevism, thereby preventing any Finnish feelers to either the Soviets or to the Western Allies. Hitler wanted to reassure himself that he had the Finns' continuing support.[10] He extensively discussed the Winter War, Molotov's demands over Europe, and concerns over the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, which put Germany at risk of losing its petroleum supplies controlled by Romania.[11]: 145
On the tape, Hitler dominated the discussion, with others at the table – Mannerheim, Ryti, and Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel – mostly silent.[10] He discussed the failure of Operation Barbarossa, Italian defeats in North Africa, the invasions of Yugoslavia and Greece, his surprise at the Soviet Union's ability to produce thousands of tanks, and his strategic concerns about Romanian petroleum wells.[9] Hitler was at pains to present German policy as having been consistent throughout, but also emphasised that imminent Russian aggression had given him no choice but to attack the Soviets.[10]
Aside from this broad summary of the war in the East, Hitler did not reveal any of his future military plans, specifically an upcoming German offensive, of which the Finns were informed only the day before it occurred – much to Mannerheim's exasperation.[10] Despite Hitler's visit and monologue, and a return visit from Mannerheim, the Nazis' continuing military crisis over the next six months would provoke the Finns into looking for a way out of their alliance with Germany.[10]
Authenticity
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After the tape was revealed to the public, some believed it was a fake because Hitler's voice sounded too soft.[6] After listening to the recording, Rochus Misch, Hitler's former bodyguard and radio operator, said: "He is speaking normally, but I have problems with the tone; the intonation isn't quite right. Sometimes it seems okay, but at other points not. I have the feeling it's someone mimicking Hitler. It really sounds as if someone is mimicking him."[6] Photographs taken on the day of the event showed that Hitler had been drinking alcohol, which could have affected his voice, as he rarely drank.[12] Specialists from postwar Germany's Federal Criminal Police Office later examined the tape, and Head of Frequencies Stefan Gfroerer declared that it is "very obvious to us that this is Hitler's voice."[6]
In popular culture
edit- Mannerheim's saloon coach, where the meeting with Hitler took place, is displayed outside a Shell service station on Finnish national road 12 in Sastamala, Pirkanmaa. It has been open to the public since 1969.[13] The private wagon, where the recording took place, is located in Mikkeli. It is open to the public only once a year, on 4 June, Mannerheim's birthday.[14]
- The recording was used by Swiss actor Bruno Ganz when he rehearsed Hitler's manner of speaking for his role in the 2004 film Downfall.[7]
See also
editReferences
editNotes
- ^ MARSKIN SALONKIVAUNU – Kiskokabinetti (in Finnish)
- ^ Reinhardt 1992, p. 227.
- ^ a b c d e f Chapman, Clare (15 October 2004). "Finnish Radio To Air Unique Hitler Recording"". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
- ^ Glantz, David M. (11 October 2001). The Soviet-German War 1941-1945: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay. A Paper Presented as the 20th Anniversary Distinguished Lecture at the Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs. Clemson University. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
- ^ Virkkunen 1994, p. 41
- ^ a b c d e f g "Secret Voice of Hitler". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2017-03-12.
- ^ a b c d e f "Conversation Secretly Recorded in Finland Helped German Actor Prepare for Hitler Role". Helsingin Sanomat. Retrieved 2014-24-04.
- ^ Weinberg 1980, p. 195
- ^ a b c d e f g Lindfors, Jukka (2017-06-05). "Hitlerin salaa tallennettu keskustelu Suomessa". Yle (in Finnish). Retrieved 2018-04-29.
- ^ a b c d e Kershaw 2000, pp. 524–26
- ^ Trow, M. J. (2022). The Ultimate World War Two Trivia Book: Unbelievable Facts, Extraordinary Accounts and Tall Tales from the Second World War. Blkdog Publishing.
- ^ Dietrich 2010, p. 171.
- ^ "Marskin Salonkivaunu" (in Finnish) Kiskokabinetti. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
- ^ "Marsalkka Mannerheimin salonkivaunu" [The saloon car of Marshal Mannerheim]. salonkivaunu.mikkeli.fi. Retrieved 2019-06-26.
Bibliography
- Dietrich, Otto (2010). The Hitler I Knew: Memoirs of the Third Reich's Press Chief. New York: Skyhorse. ISBN 978-1-60239-972-3.
- Kershaw, Ian (2000). Hitler: 1936-1945: Nemesis. New York: Norton. pp. 524–26. ISBN 0-393-04994-9.
- Reinhardt, Klaus (1992). Moscow – The Turning Point: The Failure of Hitler's Strategy in the Winter of 1941–42. Oxford: Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-0-85496-695-0.
- Virkkunen, Sakari (1994). Presidents of Finland II. Helsinki, Otava. ISBN 9511132415.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Weinberg, Gerhard (1980). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-88511-7.
External links
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- Yleisradio article on the recording, including a full copy of it