The International Brotherhood Welfare Association (IBWA) was a mutual aid society for hobos founded in 1905–1906. It was the second largest after the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). It was started by James Eads How who had inherited a fortune but chose to live a hobo life. IBWA was less radical than the IWW, focusing on education and cooperation rather than direct political action. It published the Hobo News, distributed through street sellers.[1] The IBWA was centered in the midwest (St. Louis, Kansas City, Chicago) and had locals in about twenty cities including Baltimore, Buffalo, Philadelphia and San Francisco. The centers, called "Hobo Colleges," offered lodging, hot meals and education. They also became important meeting places for migrant workers during the winter months.[2]
Purpose
editThe object of the 'Welfare Brotherhood' is twofold. I want to make the 'hoboes' not only better citizens, but better 'hoboes,' and I want the public to appreciate what the 'beat' is, what his rights are, and how he should be looked upon.
— James Eads How, to the New York Times in 1907.[3]
Contemporary sociologist Nels Anderson wrote in 1923 that the official program of the IBWA was:[4]
A. To bring together the unorganized workers.
B. To co-operate with persons and organizations who desire to better social conditions.
C. To utilize unused land and machinery in order to provide work for the unemployed.
D. To furnish medical, legal and other aid to its members.
E. To organize the unorganized and assist them in obtaining work at remunerative wages and transportation when required.
F. To educate the public mind to the right of collective ownership in production and distribution.
G. To bring about the scientific, industrial, intellectual, moral and spiritual development of the masses.
Hobo colleges
editThe hobo colleges, which How started in several cities, primarily offered lodging and meals, but as the name implies also education and a place to meet.[5] The education would be scheduled certain nights and included basic social science, industrial law, vagrancy laws, public speaking, searching for jobs, venereal disease and anything that may be understood and useful for the hobos. They also covered subjects like philosophy, literature and religion.[6][7] The lectures were held by street orators as well as academics. How often talked about social politics subjects such as 8-hour working day, pensions and unemployment. The discussions following were known to be very lively. They also served as community meeting places where the homeless workers could express themselves.[7][8] It was held mainly in winter when there were fewer jobs and more hobos in the cities. The success of the "colleges" varied. The Chicago branch was the biggest and one year debated with University of Chicago students. A hobo college was usually a rented building in the hobo area of a city. There would be blankets for sleeping, a washroom and a kitchen, where the hobos cooked their favorite mulligan stew. The houses often failed, and How had to spend much time going around and restarting them.[9]
The Chicago branch was started by Ben Reitman, and when he was out travelling by Irwin St. John Tucker and the Episcopal minister Michael C. Walsh. It graduated hundreds of hobos every year, 164 of them in 1926.[10]
Control of the IBWA
editAccording to Anderson, the IBWA was largely controlled by J. E. How, at least before the First World War. Not formally, but because the organization was dependent on his financial support.[9]
The IBWA was separate, but supporting, of the IWW. There were however failed attempts by IWW to take over IBWA. After the Big Pinch of government action against the IWW in 1917, the IBWA grew rapidly but was radicalized by in inflow of Wobblies (IWW people), attracting negative government attention. Radical members of the IBWA, also started the Migratory Workers Union in 1918 with financing by How who was otherwise a moderate, but it was largely defunct by 1922. Conflict between the two factions continued, and Hobo World was created as a more radical rival of Hobo News. While Hobo World was published more irregularly, the two competed to be the genuine voice of hobo culture.[2]
References
edit- ^ Dodge, Chris (August 1999). "Words on the Street: Homeless People's Newspapers". American Libraries. pp. 60–62. Archived from the original on 2009-07-29.
- ^ a b DePastino, Todd (2003). Citizen hobo: how a century of homelessness shaped America. University of Chicago Press. pp. 103–110. ISBN 0-226-14378-3. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
- ^ "Millionaire Hobo Forms Brotherhood". The New York Times. 1907-09-16. p. 9. Archived from the original on 2012-11-07. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
- ^ Anderson, Nels (2005). Piers Beirne (ed.). The hobo: the sociology of the homeless man. The Chicago School of Criminology 1914–1945. Taylor & Francis. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-415-38355-4. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
- ^ "End of an Idealist". Time Magazine. 1930-08-04. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
- ^ "Hobo College Opens; James Eads How Proposes to Show Pupils How to Get Jobs". The New York Times. 1919-06-11. p. 3. Archived from the original on 2012-11-07. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
- ^ a b Kusmer, Kenneth L. (2003). Down & Out, on the Road: The Homeless in American History. Oxford University Press US. pp. 162–. ISBN 0-19-516096-7. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
- ^ Moscato, Marc (2006-08-08). "Hobo 101: The down and out found strength and hope in Ben Reitman's Hobo College, USA". Street Roots. Street News Service. Retrieved 2009-03-24. [dead link]
- ^ a b Anderson, Nels; Rauty, Raffaele (1998). "8. How and the Hobos: Character sketch of J.E. How, 'Millionaire Hobo'". On Hobos and Homelessness. University of Chicago Press. pp. 90–. ISBN 0-226-01966-7. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
- ^ Bruns, Roger A. (2001). The Damndest Radical: The Life and World of Ben Reitman. University of Illinois Press. pp. 24–25, 214. ISBN 0-252-06989-7.