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NGC 6811

(Redirected from Hole in a Cluster)

NGC 6811 is an open cluster in the constellation of Cygnus,[3] near the constellation of Lyra.[4] It has an angular size half that of the full Moon and includes about 1000 stars[5] of roughly similar magnitude.[3][6] It has also been called "The Hole in the Cluster" or "Hole in a Cluster"[7] because of its dark center.[6][8]

NGC 6811
Observation data (2000.0 epoch)
Right ascension19h 37m 17s[1]
Declination+46° 23′ 18″
Distance3600 ly[2] (1107 pc[2])
Apparent magnitude (V)6.8
Apparent dimensions (V)13'
Physical characteristics
Estimated age1.00±0.17 Gyr
Other designationsCr 402
Associations
ConstellationCygnus
See also: Open cluster, List of open clusters

Features

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NGC 6811 lies far away from the galactic plane, a feature it shares with many other old open clusters.[6] It is 1107 ± 90 parsecs (about 3,285 light years) distant[2][9] and approximately 4-6 parsecs (14–20 light years) in diameter,[6][10] with a total luminosity of 2100 suns.[10] Approximately 1.00 ± 0.17 billion years old, the cluster probably contained some 6000 stars at birth,[4] but gravitational interactions and stellar evolution have since reduced the number substantially. A recent study reported 377 confirmed member stars, with spectral types ranging from mid-F to early K, and surface temperatures relatively similar to the Sun's.[4] The same study argued that the original cluster population likely included 8 O-type stars and 125 B-type stars, but all have evolved off the main sequence and are undetectable.[4] Sixteen stars have been observed to vary in brightness, twelve of which are Delta Scuti variables.[11] The cluster's Trumpler classification is III 1r—it is "a rich cluster with equally bright stars with no noticeable central concentration".[6] The stars do, however, have an unusual (if not concentrated) distribution, with an apparent stellar corona surrounding the core, leaving the impression of a hole.[6]

Observation

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NGC 6811 was first observed by John Herschel in 1829 and was added to his General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters in 1864.[12] The cluster has been the subject of study by the Kepler mission, with the aim of characterizing its stars' rotation rate, age, and distance to help the hunt for exoplanets.[4]

NGC 6811 is best observed from Earth in the Northern Hemisphere in summer. In these conditions it lies close to the zenith during the night, northeast of Delta Cygni.[3] It is considered an aesthetically pleasant object for amateur astronomers, even if the brightest members are just 10th magnitude objects. It appears as a hazy patch in 10x binoculars, but it is best seen at around 70x with a moderate-aperture telescope.[10] It has been described by amateur astronomers as a "smoke ring of stars" or "a jeweled mask a woman might wear at a masquerade ball".[6]

Planets

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Two planets (Kepler 66b and Kepler 67b), orbiting Sun-like stars in the NGC 6811 cluster, have been discovered by the Kepler mission using the transit method.[2] Both planets are smaller than Neptune and are both the first sub-Jupiter planets and the first transiting planets discovered orbiting stars within an open cluster.[2] Given that the age and distance of the cluster have been accurately measured, the two planets are among the few of which age and distance are accurately known.[13] This finding suggests that the frequency of planets in clusters is similar to that in stars not belonging to clusters or associations[2][13] and that planets can form and survive in environments more crowded and violent than the one of our own Sun.[5]

 
Map showing location of NGC 6811

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "NGC 6811". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Meibom, S. R.; Torres, G.; Fressin, F.; Latham, D. W.; Rowe, J. F.; Ciardi, D. R.; Bryson, S. T.; Rogers, L. A.; Henze, C. E.; Janes, K.; Barnes, S. A.; Marcy, G. W.; Isaacson, H.; Fischer, D. A.; Howell, S. B.; Horch, E. P.; Jenkins, J. M.; Schuler, S. C.; Crepp, J. (2013). "The same frequency of planets inside and outside open clusters of stars". Nature. 499 (7456): 55–58. arXiv:1307.5842. Bibcode:2013Natur.499...55M. doi:10.1038/nature12279. PMID 23803764. S2CID 4356893.
  3. ^ a b c Ayiomamitis, Anthony. "NGC 6811". Astronomy Magazine. Kalmach Publishing Co. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e Meibom, S. R.; Barnes, S. A.; Latham, D. W.; Batalha, N.; Borucki, W. J.; Koch, D. G.; Basri, Gibor; Walkowicz, L. M.; Janes, K. A.; Jenkins, J.; Van Cleve, J.; Haas, M. R.; Bryson, S. T.; Dupree, A. K.; Furesz, G.; Szentgyorgyi, A. H.; Buchhave, L. A.; Clarke, B. D.; Twicken, J. D.; Quintana, E. V. (2011). "The Kepler Cluster Study: Stellar Rotation in Ngc 6811". The Astrophysical Journal. 733 (1): L9. arXiv:1104.2912. Bibcode:2011ApJ...733L...9M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/733/1/L9. S2CID 118585956.
  5. ^ a b Balouchi, Shari. "Crowded Clusters Can Host Planets, Too". Sky and Telescope. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Stephen James O'Meara (30 June 2011). Deep-Sky Companions: The Secret Deep. Cambridge University Press. pp. 389–. ISBN 978-1-139-50007-4. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  7. ^ Stoyan, Ronald; Schurig, Stephan (2014). interstellarum Deep Sky Atlas. Erlangen: Cambridge University Press; Oculum-Verlag GmbH. ISBN 978-1-107-50338-0. OCLC 920437579.
  8. ^ L. Phil Simpson (2012). Guidebook to the Constellations. Springer. pp. 505–. ISBN 978-1-4419-6941-5. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  9. ^ Janes, K.; Barnes, S. A.; Meibom, S. R.; Hoq, S. (2013). "Ngc 6811: An Intermediate-Age Cluster in the Kepler Field". The Astronomical Journal. 145 (1): 7. Bibcode:2013AJ....145....7J. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/145/1/7.
  10. ^ a b c Craig Crossen; Gerald Rhemann (27 January 2004). Sky Vistas: Astronomy for Binoculars and Richest-Field Telescopes. Springer. pp. 67–. ISBN 978-3-211-00851-5. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  11. ^ Luo, Y. P.; Zhang, X. B.; Luo, C. Q.; Deng, L. C.; Luo, Z. Q. (2009). "Variable stars in the open cluster NGC 6811". New Astronomy. 14 (6): 584. arXiv:1410.2178. Bibcode:2009NewA...14..584L. doi:10.1016/j.newast.2009.02.005.
  12. ^ "The NGC/IC Project". Results for NGC 6811. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  13. ^ a b "First Transiting Planets in a Star Cluster Discovered". Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. 2013-06-26. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
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