Holmul is a pre-Columbian archaeological site of the Maya civilization located in the northeastern Petén Basin region in Guatemala near the modern-day border with Belize.
Location
editIn spite of its relatively modest size, Holmul was important to both the Tikal and the Kaanul (Kan/"Snake") dynasties.
According to archaeologist Francisco Estrada-Belli, Holmul occupied a strategic position for both these kingdoms. Holmul lay along the best east-west route between Tikal and the coast. And it also lay on the north-south route between the Kaanul capital Dzibanche and the Guatemalan Highlands. The latter route did not pass through Tikal territory, and was very important for trade, because of the strategic materials that could be imported from there.[1]
Archaeological research
editThe site was first visited by an archaeological research team in 1911, led by Harvard University archaeologist Raymond Merwin. The initial work by Merwin at Holmul (later expanded by George Clapp Vaillant) produced the first stratigraphic ceramic sequence to be defined at a Maya region site.[2] However, the results of this Peabody Museum expedition were not formally published until some twenty years afterwards, and subsequently the site remained relatively little-studied. Excavation and research at Holmul resumed only in the year 2000, as an archaeological group from Boston University, organized by Dr. Francisco Estrada Belli, began to explore the site.[3] Shortly after its start, this archaeological project received funding from Vanderbilt University, until 2008, when Boston University took over the exploration's funding again.
History
editHolmul, as a city, began its existence around 800 BCE and was abandoned by 900 CE at around the time of the Classic Maya collapse. This made the city one of the longest occupied by the Maya. Holmul reached the height of its power at between 750 and 900 and may have had a considerable social influence over the many communities located in the compact area around it. The region likely influenced by Holmul is sometimes referred to as the "Holmul Domain".
One archaeological site located near Holmul, called La Sufricaya, includes painted murals which seem to suggest some degree of foreign involvement in the Holmul Domain. Foreigners in the region may have been from Teotihuacan, or possibly from Tikal. This could have drastic implications for traditional understanding of the relationship between the Maya and the people of Teotihuacan, especially between the years 300-550 CE.
In 2013, a building from about 600 CE was found with a large stucco frieze showing a central ruler and two flanking ones in repose. Below the frieze runs a long inscription from which it appears that the construction (which contains a staircase burial) was commissioned by king Ajwosaj of Naranjo, a city on the Holmul River. Naranjo was subordinated to the Kaan(ul/al) dynasty of Dzibanche and Calakmul.[1] The latter kingdom was a main rival to Tikal.
Because of Holmul's status as one of the last Mayan cities to be abandoned, archaeologists are interested in walls built around the city during its last years of habitation. Walls also exist around another city in the Holmul Domain, called Cival, and could suggest the possibility of a final siege near the time of the collapse of the two cities, although the real implications of the structures are unknown.
Holmul ceramic style
edit
The name of Holmul is also attached to a Late-Classic ceramic art style associated with the wider Holmul-Naranjo region, and characterized by a red and orange palette on a cream background;[4] its predominant theme is that of the so-called 'Holmul dancer',[5] that is, the Tonsured Maize God, shown as a dancer with a ceremonial back rack.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Than, Ker (7 August 2013). "Giant Maya Carvings Found in Guatemala". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013.
- ^ McKillop, Heather I. (2004). The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. Understanding ancient civilizations series. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 47. ISBN 1-57607-696-2. OCLC 52706645.
- ^ Estrada-Belli, Francisco. "Archaeological Investigations at Holmul, Guatemala. Report of the First Field Season". www.famsi.org. FAMSI.
- ^ Reents-Budet, Doreen (1994). Painting the Maya Universe: Royal Ceramics of the Classic Period. Durham&London: Duke U.P. pp. 294–299.
- ^ Reents-Budet, Dorie (1991). "The "Holmul Dancer" Theme in Maya Art". In Virginia M. Fields (ed.). Sixth Palenque Round Table, 1986. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 217–222.
- Estrada-Belli, Francisco (2001). "Archaeological Investigations at Holmul, Guatemala: Report of the First Field Season, May–June 2000". The Foundation Granting Department: Reports Submitted to FAMSI. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
- Estrada-Belli, Francisco (October 2002). "Anatomía de una ciudad Maya: Holmul" (PDF). Mexicon (in Spanish). 24 (5). Markt Schwaben, Germany: K.-F. von Flemming, Internationale Gesellschaft für Mesoamerika-Forschung: 107–112. ISSN 0720-5988. OCLC 5821915. Archived from the original (PDF online facsimile, Wired Humanities Project–University of Oregon) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
- Estrada-Belli, Francisco (2003). "Archaeological Investigations at Holmul, Petén, Guatemala: Preliminary Results of the Third Season, 2002". The Foundation Granting Department: Reports Submitted to FAMSI. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
- Estrada-Belli, Francisco (2004). "Archaeological Investigations in the Holmul Region, Petén, Guatemala: Results of the Fourth Season, 2003". The Foundation Granting Department: Reports Submitted to FAMSI. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
- Estrada-Belli, Francisco; Magaly Koch (2007). "Remote Sensing and GIS Analysis of a Maya City and its Landscape: Holmul, Guatemala". In James Wiseman; Farouk El-Baz (eds.). Remote Sensing in Archaeology. Interdisciplinary contributions to archaeology. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 263–282. ISBN 978-0-387-44453-6. OCLC 77256577.
- Kosakowsky, Laura J. (2001). "Preliminary Report on the Ceramics from Holmul, Guatemala: Year 2000 Season". The Foundation Granting Department: Reports Submitted to FAMSI. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. Archived from the original on 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
- Merwin, Raymond Edwin; George Clapp Vaillant (1932). The Ruins of Holmul, Guatemala. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. Vol. III, no. 2. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum, Harvard University. OCLC 2128228.