Australia–Hong Kong relations refers to bilateral relations between the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China and the Commonwealth of Australia. Both Hong Kong and Australia were former British colonies and thus maintain cultural and economic ties. Australia is represented in Hong Kong through its Consulate-General located Harbour Centre, Wan Chai while Hong Kong is represented thorough the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office in Sydney.[1][2]
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Australian policy towards Hong Kong is guided by its extensive economic interests in Hong Kong.[2]
History
editBefore 1997
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The first interaction between Australians and southern Chinese was during the Australian gold rushes in the 1850s, with British Hong Kong being the point of departure for immigrants from southern China. White migration within the British empire continued along the sea lines of communication between Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia/New Zealand.
After federation of Australia in 1901, Australia adopted the White Australia policy and passed the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 which limited non-white immigration (including Eurasians) to Australia. Ethnic Chinese immigration resumed slowly as the White Australia policy was wound back during the 1950s and 1960s.
Australians have filled senior and mid-level posts in tertiary institutions and the Hong Kong government. HKU physiologist Lindsay Ride of Newstead, Victoria, established and commanded the British Army Aid Group during the Second World War. Philip Haddon-Cave of Hobart, Tasmania continued the Hong Kong government policy of positive non-intervention during his tenure as Hong Kong Financial Secretary.
After 1997
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Bilateral agreements
editArticles 151, 153 and 155 of Hong Kong Basic Law permit Hong Kong to conclude commercial and cultural agreements with foreign countries, while article 152 permits Hong Kong to join international organisations under the name "Hong Kong, China".[3]
Both Hong Kong and Australia are full members of APEC and FATF, and are bilateral participants on air services agreement (since 1993), Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (since October 1993) superseded by the Australia - Hong Kong Investment Agreement (2019),[4] Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement (since 1999), Surrender of Fugitive Offenders Agreement (since June 1997), Transfer of Sentenced Persons Agreement (since 2006).[needs update]
Following the enactment of the Hong Kong National Security Law, which Australia regards as being in breach of the Sino-British Joint Declaration, on 7 July, the Australian government issued an official travel advisory warning travellers and Australian passport holders residing in Hong Kong, advising the latter group: “If you’re concerned about the new law, reconsider your need to remain in Hong Kong."[5] On 9 July 2020, Australia suspended its extradition agreement with Hong Kong, which had been in place since 1993 and offered to extend visas by five years for Hong Kong residents currently in the country, and opening a pathway to permanent residency for up to 10,000 people working and studying in Australia.[6]
Political relationships
editAustralia's policy toward Hong Kong is underpinned by its substantial commercial interests, and by the presence of a large Australian community living in Hong Kong.
Article 82 of Hong Kong Basic Law permits Hong Kong to invite judges from other common law jurisdictions to sit on the Court of Final Appeal.[7] The Hong Kong Government continues to hire and appoint Australians, with or without the right of abode in Hong Kong, to senior posts in the Hong Kong Judiciary. Former Hong Kong Directors of Public Prosecutions, Ian McWalters and Kevin Zervos, were appointed as High Court judges in 2011 and 2013 respectively, and both were subsequently elevated to the Court of Appeal in 2014 and 2018 respectively. Sir Anthony Mason, Murray Gleeson, James Spigelman, William Gummow and Robert French have been appointed to the Court of Final Appeal as Non-Permanent Judges from other common law jurisdictions.
The Australian Consulate-General represents the Australian Government in Hong Kong. Some Australian states have trade or business offices in Hong Kong, including Queensland and Victoria.[8] Hong Kong is not permitted under the Basic Law to have diplomatic relations with other countries, but maintains the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office in Sydney, Australia.[2]
Trade and investment
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Australia's commercial interests in Hong Kong are extensive and range from banking, accounting, legal, engineering, information technology services and retail and general trading. Around 550 Australian companies are based in Hong Kong, and a further 1,000 Australian companies have representative offices.[citation needed]
Cultural
editSome 90,000 Australians are resident in Hong Kong.[9] According to the 2016 Census, 86 886 people of Hong Kong origin live in Australia, with 280 943 Cantonese speakers in Australia, the largest number after Mandarin Chinese and Arabic.[10][clarification needed] The majority Hong Kong immigrants live in Sydney and Melbourne.[11]
Australia is one of the major English-speaking study destinations for students from Hong Kong due to monetary factors; while the Australian government is encouraging an enhanced two-way student mobility through the New Colombo Plan educational exchange.[12][13][14]
Tourism
editBoth Australia and Hong Kong have offered "Working Holiday Programs" without quota restriction for maximum of 12-months since September 2001. The programme allows students to holiday in Hong Kong or Australia and to take temporary employment as needed to cover the expenses of their visit. The programme aims to increase travel by young people between Australia and Hong Kong and to strengthen the links between the two regions.[15][16]
In popular culture
editBritish satirical comedy The Day Today featured news coverage of a fictional trade agreement between Australia and Hong Kong. Host Chris Morris's impression of Jeremy Paxman's combative interview style swiftly led to the outbreak of war in Eastmanstown, on the "Australio-Hong Kong border".[17]
See also
edit
References
edit- Citations
- ^ Home. Australian Consulate-General Hong Kong. Retrieved on 18 May 2019. "23/F Harbour Centre 25 Harbour Road Wanchai Hong Kong SAR" - Address in Traditional Chinese: "香港灣仔港灣道25號海港中心23樓"
- ^ a b c Australia-Hong Kong relationship Archived 2012-07-22 at the Wayback Machine Australian Consulate-General Hong Kong, China
- ^ "Basic Law Full Text - chapter (7)". Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- ^ Australia - Hong Kong Investment Agreement (2019)
- ^ "Hong Kong Travel Advice & Safety | Smartraveller". www.smartraveller.gov.au. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
- ^ "Australia suspends Hong Kong extradition treaty, extends Hong Kongers' visas after security law imposed". AP NEWS. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
- ^ "Basic Law Full Text - chapter (4)". Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- ^ Trade, corporateName= Department of Foreign Affairs and. "Australian Consulate-General in". Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- ^ "Expatriate Australians begin voting in Hong Kong and across the world". Australia Network News. 27 August 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
- ^ "Dataset: Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)". ABS.Stat. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- ^ History of immigration from Hong Kong (SAR)
- ^ "Australian universities luring Hong Kong students". ABC News. 19 July 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
- ^ "New Colombo Plan facilitates Hong Kong and Australian student exchange". Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- ^ "New Colombo Plan facilitates Hong Kong and Australian student exchange". Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- ^ "Working Holiday Maker Program - Frequently Asked Questions". Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
- ^ "Labour Department - Policy Support". Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- ^ "WAR!". The Day Today. 16 February 1994. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
- Attributions
- With the exception of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms and where otherwise noted, all material presented on this website is provided under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. [1]
External links
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- Australian Consulate-General Hong Kong Official Site