New Zealand Geographic Board
The New Zealand Geographic Board Ngā Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa (NZGB) is the authority over geographical and hydrographic names within New Zealand and its territorial waters.[2] This includes the naming of small urban settlements, localities, mountains, lakes, rivers, waterfalls, harbours and natural features and may include researching local Māori names. It has named many geographical features in the Ross Sea region of Antarctica. It has no authority to alter street names (a local body responsibility) or the name of any country.[3]
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | 1946 |
| Preceding agency |
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| Jurisdiction | New Zealand |
| Headquarters | Radio New Zealand House, 155 The Terrace, Wellington 41°17′06″S 174°46′28″E / 41.28500°S 174.77444°E |
| Minister responsible |
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| Agency executive |
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| Parent agency | Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand |
The board was established by the New Zealand Geographic Board Act 1946, which has since been replaced by the New Zealand Geographic Board (Ngā Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa) Act 2008.[4] Although an independent institution, it is responsible to the Minister for Land Information.
The NZGB secretariat is part of Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) and provides the board with administrative and research assistance and advice.[5]
The New Zealand Geographic Board succeeded an honorary Geographical Advisory Board that had been set up in 1924[6] under the direction of the Minister of Land.[7] That board had seven members, including Herbert Williams, Elsdon Best and Johannes C. Andersen.[8]
Membership
editUnder the New Zealand Geographic Board (Ngā Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa) Act 2008, the board comprises the Surveyor-General of New Zealand (appointed by LINZ) as chair, the National Hydrographer (appointed by LINZ) and eight other members nominated by the Minister for Land Information. The ministerial appointees include two persons recommended by the Minister of Māori Development and representatives of Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, the New Zealand Geographical Society, the Federated Mountain Clubs of NZ, and Local Government New Zealand.[4]
As of November 2020[update], the ten board members are:[5]
- Anselm Haanen (Surveyor-General, Chairperson)
- Shaun Barnett (nominated by Federated Mountain Clubs)
- Jenni Vernon (nominated by the Minister for Land Information
- Gary Shane Te Ruki (nominated by the Minister for Māori Development)
- Robin Kearns (nominated by the New Zealand Geographical Society Inc)
- Chanel Clarke (nominated by the Minister for Māori Development)
- Adam Greenland (National Hydrographer at LINZ)
- Professor Merata Kawharu (nominated by the Minister for Land Information)
- Bonita Bigham (nominated by Local Government New Zealand)
- Paulette Tamati-Elliffe (nominated by Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu)
Notable actions
edit2013 formalisation of island names
editThe NZGB discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised, and names and alternative names were formalised in 2013. This set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu.[9] For each island, either its English or Māori name can be used, or both can be used together.[9]
2016 renaming of landmarks
editIn 2015, a member of the New Zealand public wrote to the New Zealand Geographic Board complaining about three place names in Canterbury in the South Island that use the word "nigger": Nigger Hill, Niggerhead, and Nigger Stream.[10][11][12] A public consultation was set up with 223 to 61 responses in favour of changing the name.[13] Following consultations with the Ngāi Tahu tribe who reside in the area, the names Kānuka Hills and Tawhai Hill were suggested as replacements. This was in reference to the kānuka and tawhai tree.[10] The stream was somewhat more complicated; it was originally proposed to be renamed to "Steelhead Stream", but eventually the Māori name for the Carex secta (a tussock grass that grows in the area), Pūkio Stream, was favored instead.[14] The proposed change of name was accepted with the Land Information New Zealand Minister Louise Upston stating "These names reflect a time when attitudes towards this word were markedly different to what they are now. It is a word that is clearly offensive to most people today, so I am pleased to make this decision."[15] The name change was made official on 15 December 2016 after being published in the New Zealand Gazette.[16]
Powers
editUnder Section 32 of the 2008 Act, official place names must be used in all official documents, a term which includes both documents produced by government entities and some documents produced by non-government entities, such as scientific publications and information for tourists. Section 33 of the Act enables enforcement of the requirement by granting the New Zealand Geographic Board the right to seek an injunction from the high court with heavy penalties for non-compliance, but as of 2018 this power has not been used, with the Board instead preferring to liaise directly with offenders to correct non-compliance.[17]
These powers have proven ineffective in some cases, such as with overseas open source services such as Google Maps.[17]
References
edit- ^ "History of the NZGB". Land Information New Zealand. Archived from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ "About the New Zealand Geographic Board". Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
- ^ Lorna Thornber (17 September 2020). "Is it time to restore all of New Zealand's Māori place names?". Stuff. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
While the board has received at least one enquiry about the country's name almost every year for the past decade, it does not have the power to change it: That would require an act of Parliament.
- ^ a b "New Zealand Geographic Board (Ngā Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa) Act 2008: Reprint as at 1 July 2014". New Zealand Legislation. 1 July 2014. Archived from the original on 8 June 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
- ^ a b "NZGB members". Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand. 5 November 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
- ^ "Geographic Board: Legislative authority". Otago Daily Times. 19 July 1946. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2020 – via paperspast.natlib.govt.nz.
- ^ "Maori place names: Spelling and nomenclature". Auckland Star. 2 June 1925. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2020 – via paperspast.natlib.govt.nz.
- ^ "Foundation Members of the N.Z. Geographic Advisory Board, founded in 1924. The names are (sitting): Mr. W. T. Neill, late Surveyor-General of N.Z. and representative for N.Z. of the Royal Geographical Society, London; The Venerable Archdeacon Herbert Williams (Gisborne); and Mr. Elsdon Best, F.N.Z.I., ethnologist; (Standing): Mr. Louis E. Ward, clerk-draughtsman. Lands and Survey Department (Hon. Sec.); Sir Frederick Chapman (Knight Bachelor); Mr. Johannes C. Andersen, F.N.Z.I. (Alexander Turnbull Library); and Mr. Maurice Crompton-Smith (Secretary to the Surveyors' Board)". nzetc.victoria.ac.nz. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
- ^ a b Williamson, Maurice (10 October 2013). "Names of NZ's two main islands formalised" (Press release). New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
- ^ a b "Proposals to alter place names from 'Nigger Hill' to 'Kānuka Hills' (with an altered extent) and 'Niggerhead' to 'Tawhai Hill'" (PDF). LINZ. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ "New Zealand could replace 'racist' place names". BBC News. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ Pearlman, Jonathan (8 December 2016). "New Zealand drops racially offensive place names". The Telegraph. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ^ "Objection to changing offensive names". The New Zealand Herald. 21 April 2016. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ "New Zealand Drops Racially Offensive 'Nigger' Place Names". New Delhi: NDTV. 8 December 2016. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ "'Nigger' place names will be no more". Māori Television. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ "Notice of Final Determinations of the Minister for Land Information on Official Geographic Names" (PDF). New Zealand Gazette. 15 December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ a b "The Information Bulletin of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names" (PDF). UNSTATS. United Nations Statistics Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.