English feudal barony

In the kingdom of England, a feudal barony or barony by tenure was the highest degree of feudal land tenure, namely per baroniam (Latin for "by barony"), under which the land-holder owed the service of being one of the king's barons. The duties owed by and the privileges granted to feudal barons are not exactly defined, but they involved the duty of providing soldiers to the royal feudal army on demand by the king, and the privilege of attendance at the king's feudal court, the Magnum Concilium, the precursor of parliament.

If the estate-in-land held by barony contained a significant castle as its caput baroniae^[a] and if it was especially large – consisting of more than about 20 knight's fees (each loosely equivalent to a manor) – then it was termed an honour. The typical honour had properties scattered over several shires, intermingled with the properties of others. This was a specific policy of the Norman kings, to avoid establishing any one area under the control of a single lord.^[1] Usually, though, a more concentrated cluster existed somewhere. Here would lie the caput (head) of the honour, with a castle that gave its name to the honour and served as its administrative headquarters. The term honour is particularly useful for the eleventh and twelfth centuries, before the development of an extensive peerage hierarchy.

This type of barony is different from the type of feudal barony which existed within a county palatine. A county palatine was an independent franchise so its baronies were considered the highest rank of feudal tenure in the county and not the kingdom, such as the barony of Halton within the Palatinate of Chester.^[2]

Creation

William the Conqueror established his favoured followers as barons by enfeoffing them as tenants-in-chief with great fiefdoms to be held per baroniam, a largely standard feudal contract of tenure, common to all his barons. Such barons were not necessarily always from the greater Norman nobles, but were selected often on account of their personal abilities and usefulness. Thus, for instance, Turstin FitzRolf, the relatively humble and obscure knight who had stepped in at the last minute to accept the position of Duke William's standard-bearer at the Battle of Hastings, was granted a barony which comprised well over twenty manors.^[3]

Lands forming a barony were often located in several different counties, not necessarily adjoining. The name of such a barony is generally deemed to be the name of the chief manor within it, known as the Caput, Latin for "head", generally assumed to have been the seat or chief residence of the first baron. So, for instance, the barony of Turstin FitzRolf became known as the barony of North Cadbury, Somerset.^[3]

The exact date of creation of most feudal baronies cannot be determined, as their founding charters have been lost. Many of them are first recorded in the Domesday Book survey of 1086.

Servitium debitum

The feudal obligation imposed by the grant of a barony was termed in Latin the servitium debitum or "service owed" and was set as a quota of knights to be provided for the king's service. It bore no constant relation to the amount of land comprised by the barony, but was fixed by a bargain between the king and the baron.^[4]

It was at the discretion of the baron as to how these knights were found. The commonest method was for him to split his barony into several fiefs of between a few hundred acres possibly up to a thousand acres each, into each of which he would sub-enfeoff one knight, by the tenure of knight-service. This tenure gave the knight use of the fief and all its revenues, on condition that he should provide to the baron, now his overlord, 40 days of military service, complete with retinue of esquires, horses and armour. The fief so allotted is known as a knight's fee. Alternatively the baron could keep the entire barony, or a part of it, in demesne, that is to say "in-hand" or under his own management, using the revenues it produced to buy the services of mercenary knights known as "stipendiary knights".

Under- and over-enfeoffment

Where a baron had sub-enfeoffed fewer knights than required by the servitium debitum, the barony was said to be "under-enfeoffed", and the balance of knights owing had to be produced super dominium, that is "on the demesne". This does not mean they were resident within the baron's demesne, but that they had to be hired with the revenue arising from it.

Conversely, a barony was "over-enfeoffed" where more knights had been enfeoffed than was required by the servitium debitum, and this indicated that the barony had been obtained on overly-favourable terms.

Cartae Baronum

The Cartae Baronum ("Charters of the Barons") was a survey commissioned by the Treasury in 1166. It required each baron^[b] to declare how many knights he had enfeoffed and how many were super dominium, with the names of all. It appears that the survey was designed to identify baronies from which a greater servitium debitum could in future be obtained by the king. An example is given from the return of Lambert of Etocquigny:^[5]

To his reverend lord, Henry, king of the English, Lambert of Etocquigny, greeting. Know that I hold from you by your favour 16 carucates of land and 2 bovates [about 2,000 acres] by the service of 10 knights. In these 16 carucates of land I have 5 knights enfeoffed by the old enfeoffment:

Richard de Haia holds 1 knight's fee; and he withheld the service which he owes to you and to me from the day of your coronation up to now, except that he paid me 2 marks. [about 500 grams of silver]

Odo de Cranesbi holds 1 knight's fee.

Thomas, son of William, holds 1 knight's fee.

Roger de Millers holds 2 knight's fees.

And from my demesne I provide the balance of the service I owe you, to wit, that of 5 knights. And from that demesne I have given Robert de Portemort 3⁄4 of 1 knight's fee. Therefore I pray you that you will send me your judgement concerning Richard de Haia who holds back the service of his fee, because I cannot obtain that service except by your order. This is the total service in the aforesaid 16 carucates of land. Farewell.

Summons to Parliament

The privilege which balanced the burden of the servitium debitum was the baron's right to attend the king's council. Originally^[when?] all barons who held per baroniam received individual writs of summons to attend Parliament. This was a practical measure because the early kings almost continually travelled around the kingdom, taking their court (i.e. administration) with them.

A king only called a parliament, or council, when the need arose for either advice or funding. This lack of a parliamentary schedule meant that the barons needed to be informed when and where to attend. As baronies became fragmented over time due to failure of male heirs and descent via co-heiresses (see below), many of those who held per baroniam became holders of relatively small fiefdoms. Eventually, the king refused to summon such minor nobles to Parliament by personal writ, sending instead a general writ of summons to the sheriff of each shire, who was to summon only representatives of these so-called lesser barons. The greater barons, who retained sufficient power to insist upon it, continued to receive personal summonses. The king came to realise, from the complacency of the lesser barons with this new procedure, that in practice it was not tenure per baroniam which determined attendance at Parliament, but receipt of a writ of summons originated by himself.

The next logical development was that the king started issuing writs to persons who did not hold per baroniam and who were not therefore feudal barons, but "barons by writ". The reason for summoning by writ was based on personal characteristics, for example the man summoned might be one of exceptional judgement or have valuable military skills. The arbitrary summons by personal writ signalled the start of the decline of feudalism, eventually evolving into summons by public proclamation in the form of letters patent.

Deemed feudal barons

The higher prelates such as archbishops and bishops were deemed to hold per baroniam, and were thus members of the baronage entitled to attend Parliament, indeed they formed the greatest grouping of all. Marcher lords in Wales often held their lordships by right of conquest and appear to have been deemed feudal barons. The Barons of the Cinque Ports were also deemed feudal barons by virtue of their military service at sea,^[6] and were thus entitled to attend Parliament.

Baronial relief

Baronial relief was payable by an heir so that he might lawfully take possession of his inheritance.^[7] It was a form of one-off taxation, or more accurately a variety of "feudal incident", levyable by the King on his tenants-in-chief for a variety of reasons. A prospective heir to a barony generally paid £100 in baronial relief for his inheritance.^[7] The term "relief" implies "elevation", both words being derived from the Latin levo, to raise up, into a position of honour.

Where a barony was split into two, for example on the death of a baron leaving two co-heiresses, each daughter's husband would become a baron in respect of his moiety (mediaeval French for "half"), paying half of the full baronial relief. A tenant-in-chief could be the lord of fractions of several different baronies, if he or his ancestors had married co-heiresses. The tenure of even the smallest fraction of a barony conferred baronial status on the lord of these lands.^[7] This natural fragmentation of the baronies led to great difficulties within the royal administration as the king relied on an ever-increasing number of men responsible for supplying soldiers for the royal army, and the records of the identities of these fractional barons became more complex and unreliable. The early English jurist Henry de Bracton (died 1268) was one of the first writers to examine the concept of the feudal barony.

Abolition and surviving vestiges

The power of the feudal barons to control their landholding was considerably weakened in 1290 by the statute of Quia Emptores. This prohibited land from being the subject of a feudal grant, and allowed its transfer without the feudal lord's permission.

Feudal baronies became perhaps obsolete (but not extinct) on the abolition of feudal tenure during the Civil War, as confirmed by the Tenures Abolition Act 1660 passed under the Restoration which took away knights service and other legal rights.

Under the Tenures Abolition Act 1660, many baronies by tenure were converted into baronies by writ. The rest ceased to exist as feudal baronies by tenure, becoming baronies in free socage, that is to say under a "free" (hereditable) contract requiring payment of monetary rents. Thus baronies could no longer be held by military service. Parliamentary titles of honour had been limited since the 15th century by the Modus Tenenda Parliamenta act, and could thenceforth only be created by writ of summons or letters patent.

Tenure by knight-service was abolished and discharged and the lands covered by such tenures, including once-feudal baronies, were henceforth held by socage (i.e. in exchange for monetary rents). The English Fitzwalter Case in 1670 ruled that barony by tenure had been discontinued for many years and any claims to a peerage on such basis, meaning a right to sit in the House of Lords, were not to be revived, nor any right of succession based on them.^[8] In the Berkeley Case in 1861, an attempt was made to claim a seat in the House of Lords by right of a barony by tenure, but the House of Lords ruled that whatever might have been the case in the past, baronies by tenure no longer existed, meaning that a barony could not be held "by tenure", and confirmed the Tenures Abolition Act 1660.^[9] Three Redesdale Committee Reports in the early 19th century reached the same conclusion. There has been at least one legal opinion which asserts the continuing legal existence of the feudal barony in England and Wales, namely that from 1996 of A W & C Barsby, Barristers of Grays's Inn.^[10]

Geographical survivals

Survivals of feudal baronies, in their geographical form, are the Barony of Westmorland or Appleby, the Barony of Kendal, the Barony of Arundel and the Barony of Abergavenny.^[11] The first two terms now describe areas of the historic county of Westmorland, in the same way that the word "county" itself has lost its feudal meaning of a land area under the control of a count or earl.

Lists

Ivor J. Sanders searched the archives, for example Exchequer documents such as fine rolls and pipe rolls, for entries recording the payment of baronial relief and published his results in English Baronies, a Study of their Origin and Descent 1086–1327 (Oxford, 1960). He identified a number of certain baronies where evidence was found of payment of baronial relief, and a further group which he termed "probable baronies" where the evidence was less clear. Where he could not identify a caput, Sanders named the barony after the name of the baron, for example the "Barony of Miles of Gloucester". The following lists include all of Sanders' certain and probable baronies.

For a full comprehensive list of feudal baronies in the 13th century along with earldoms, bishoprics, and archbishoprics see List of nobles and magnates of England in the 13th century.

Certain baronies

Name of barony	County of caput	First known tenant	Earliest record
Aldington	Kent	William FitzHelte	1073
Arundel	Sussex	Roger de Montgomery	pre 1087
Ashby	Lincolnshire	Gilbert de Neville	1162
Ashfield	Suffolk	Robert Blund	1086
Atherleigh	Lancashire	Domhnall Uí Bhriain	post 1086
Aveley	Essex	John FitzWaleran	1086
Bampton	Devon	Walter de Douai	1086
Biset	–	Manasser Biset (d.1177)	pre 1177
Gloucester (baronial court at Bristol^[12])	Gloucestershire	Robert FitzHamon(d.1107)	pre 1107
Miles of Gloucester/Brecon	Brecon	Miles de Gloucester	1125
Basing	Hampshire	Hugh de Port	1086
Beckley	Oxfordshire	Roger d'Ivry	1086
Bedford	Bedfordshire	Hugh de Beauchamp	1086
Belvoir	Leicestershire	Robert de Todeni	1086
Benington	Hertfordshire	Peter I de Valoynes	1086
Berkeley	Gloucestershire	Robert FitzHarding	temp. Henry II, pre 1166
Berkhampstead	Hertfordshire	Robert, count of Mortain	1086
Beverstone	Gloucestershire	Robert de Gurney	1235
Blagdon	Somerset	Serlo de Burci	1086
Blankney	Lincolnshire	Walter I de Aincourt	1086
Blythborough	Suffolk	William FitzWalter	1157
Bolham	Northumberland	James de Newcastle	1154
Bolingbroke	Lincolnshire	Ivo de Taillebois	1086
Bourn	Cambridgeshire	Picot	1086
Bradninch	Devon	William Capra	1086
Bulwick	Northamptonshire	Richard FitzUrse	1130
Burgh-by-Sands	Cumberland	Robert de Trevers	temp. Henry I (1100–1135)
Burstwick/"Holderness"^[13]	Yorkshire	Drogo de Brevere	1086
Bywell	Northumberland	Guy de Balliol	temp. William II(1087–1100)
Cainhoe	Bedfordshire	Nigel d'Aubigny (died before 1107)	1086
Castle Cary	Somerset	Walter de Douai	1086
Castle Combe^[14]	Wiltshire	Humphrey de Insula	1086
Castle Holgate	Shropshire	"Helgot"	1086
Caus	Shropshire	Roger FitzCorbet	11th century
Cavendish	Suffolk	Ralph I de Limesy	1086
Caxton	Cambridgeshire	Hardwin de Scales	1086
Chatham	Kent	Robert le Latin (held under Odo Bp. of Bayeux)	1086
Chester	Cheshire	Gerbod the Fleming	1070
Chipping Warden	Northamptonshire	Guy de Reinbuedcurt	1086
Chiselborough^[c]	Somerset	Alured "Pincerna"	1086
Clare	Suffolk	Richard fitz Gilbert	c. 1090
Clifford	Hereford	Ralph de Tony	1086
Cogges	Oxfordshire	Wadard (held under Odo Bp. of Bayeux)	1086
Cottingham	Yorkshire	Hugh fitzBaldric	1086
Crick	Derbyshire	Ralph FitzHubert^[15]	1086
Curry Malet	Somerset	Roger de Courcelles	1086
Eaton Bray	Bedfordshire	William I de Cantilupe	1205
Eaton Socon	Bedfordshire	Eudo Dapifer	1086
Ellingham	Northumberland	Nicholas de Grenville	temp. Henry I
Embleton	Northumberland	John FitzOdard	temp. Henry I
Erlestoke	Wiltshire	Roger I de Mandeville	temp. Henry I
Ewyas Harold	Herefordshire	Alfred of Marlborough	1086
Eye	Suffolk	Robert Malet	1086
Field Dalling/St.Hilary	Norfolk	Hasculf de St James	1138
Flockthorpe in Hardingham	Norfolk	Ralph de Camoys	1236
Folkestone	Kent	William de Arques (held under Odo Bp. of Bayeux)	c. 1090
Folkingham	Lincolnshire	Gilbert de Gant	1086
Framlingham	Suffolk	Roger I Bigod	1086/temp. Henry I
Freiston	Lincolnshire	Guy de Craon	1086
Great Bealings	Suffolk	Hervey de Bourges	1086
Great Torrington	Devon	Odo FitzGamelin	1086
Great Weldon	Northamptonshire	Robert de Buci	1086
Greystoke	Cumberland	Forne son of Sigulf	1086
Hanslope	Buckinghamshire	Winemar the Fleming	1086
Hasley/Haseley	Buckinghamshire	Rodger d’Yorey	1086
Hatch Beauchamp^[16]	Somerset	Robert FitzIvo (under Count of Mortain)	1086
Headington	Oxfordshire	Thomas Basset	1203
Headingham	Essex	Aubry I de Vere	1086
Helmsley	Yorkshire	Walter Espec	temp. Henry I
Hockering	Norfolk	Ralph de Belfou	1086
Holderness (see caput:Burstwick)
Hook Norton	Oxfordshire	Robert d'Oilly	1086
Hooton Pagnell	Yorkshire	Richard de Surdeval (under Count of Mortain) (part) Ralph Pagnell (under King) (part)	1086
Hunsingore	Yorkshire	Erneis de Burun	1086
Kendal	Westmorland	Ivo de Taillebois	temp. William II
Kington	Herefordshire	Adam de Port	c. 1121
Kirklinton	Cumberland	Adam I de Boivill(?)	post temp. Henry I
Knaresborough	Yorkshire	William de Stuteville	c. 1175
Kymmer-yn-Edeirnion	Merionethshire	Gruffydd ab Iorwerth ab Owain Brogyntyn	1284
Launceston	Cornwall	Descent as Earl of Cornwall	1086
Leicester	Leicestershire	Hugh de Grandmesnil	1086
Long Crendon	Buckinghamshire	Walter I Giffard	1086
Marshwood	Dorset	Geoffrey de Mandeville (c. 1070 – c. 1119)	temp. Henry I
Monmouth	Monmouthshire	Withenoc	c. 1066
Morpeth	Northumberland	William I de Merlay	temp. Henry I
Much Marcle	Herefordshire	William fitzBaderon	1086
Mulgrave	Yorkshire	Nigel Fossard	1086
Nether Stowey	Somerset	Alfred de Hispania	1086
Nocton	Lincolnshire	Norman I de Darcy	1086
North Cadbury	Somerset	Turstin FitzRolf	1086
Odell	Bedfordshire	Walter le Fleming	1086
Okehampton	Devon	Baldwin FitzGilbert	1086
Old Buckenham	Norfolk	William d'Aubigny Pincerna	temp. Henry I
Oswestry	Shropshire	Warin the Bold (held from Roger of Montgomery)	temp. William II
Pleshy	Essex	Geoffrey I de Mandeville	1086
Poorstock	Dorset	Roger I Arundel	1086
Prudhoe	Northumberland	Robert I de Umfraville	temp. William I
Pulverbatch	Shropshire	Roger I Venator (held from Roger of Montgomery)	1086
Rayne	Essex	Roger de Raimes	1086
Redbourne	Lincolnshire	Jocelin FitzLambert	1086
Richard's Castle	Herefordshire	Osbern fitzRichard	1086
Salwarpe	Worcestershire	Urse d'Abitot (held from Roger of Montgomery)	1086
Shelford	Nottinghamshire	Geoffrey de Alselin	1086
Skelton	Yorkshire	Robert de Brus	temp. Henry I
Skirpenbeck	Yorkshire	Odo the Crossbowman	1086
Snodhill	Herefordshire	Hugh the Ass	1086
Sotby	Lincolnshire	William I Kyme (held from Walden the Engineer)	1086
Southoe	Huntingdonshire	Eustace Sheriff of Huntingdonshire	1086
Stafford	Staffordshire	Robert I de Stafford	1086
Stainton le Vale	Lincolnshire	Ralph de Criol	temp. Henry I
Stansted Mountfitchet	Essex	Robert Gernon	1086
Staveley	Derbyshire	Hascuil I Musard	1086
Stoke Trister	Somerset	Bretel St Clair	1086
Styford	Northumberland	Walter I de Bolbec	temp. Henry I
Sudeley	Gloucestershire	Harold de Sudeley	1066
Tarrington	Herefordshire	Ansfrid de Cormeilles	1086
Tattershall	Lincolnshire	Eudo son of Spirewic	1086
Thoresway	Lincolnshire	Alfred of Lincoln	1086
Totnes	Devon	Juhel de Totnes	1086
Trematon	Cornwall	Reginald I de Vautort (held from Count of Mortain)	1086
Trowbridge	Wiltshire	Brictric	1086
Walkern	Hertfordshire	Derman	temp. William I
Wallingford	Berkshire	Milo Crispin	1086
Warwick	Warwickshire	Robert de Beaumont, Count of Meulan	1086
Weedon Pinkeny/Lois	Northamptonshire	Ghilo I de Pinkeny	1086
Wem	Shropshire	William Pantulf (held from Roger, Earl of Montgomery)	temp. William II
Weobley	Herefordshire	Walter de Lacy	temp. William I
West Dean	Wiltshire	Waleran the Huntsman	1086
West Greenwich	Kent	Gilbert de Maminot, Bishop of Lisieux (held from Odo Bishop of Bayeux)	1086
Whitchurch	Buckinghamshire	Hugh I de Bolbec	1086
Wigmore	Herefordshire	William FitzOsbern	temp. William I
Winterbourne St Martin	Dorset	widow of Hugh FitzGrip	1086
Wolverton	Buckinghamshire	Manno le Breton	1086
Wormegay	Norfolk	Hermer de Ferrers	1086
Writtle	Essex	Isobel of Huntingdon, sister & co-heir of John the Scot, Earl of Chester	1241

Source: Sanders (1960)

Probable baronies

Name of barony	County of caput	First known tenant	Earliest record
Alnwick	Northumberland	Ivo de Vesci	11th century
Appleby	Westmorland	Robert de Vieuxpont	1203/4
Asthall	Oxfordshire	Roger d'Ivery	1086
Barnstaple	Devon	Geoffrey de Mowbray (see House of Mowbray)^[17]	1086
Barony of Port	Kent	Hugh de Port	1086
Barony de Ros	Kent	Geoffrey I de Ros	1086
Beanley	Northumberland	Gospatric, Earl of Dunbar	temp. Henry I (1100–1135)
Berry Pomeroy^[18]	Devon	Ralph de Pomeroy	1086
Bothal	Northumberland	Richard I Bertram	pre.1162
Bourne	Lincolnshire	William de Rollos	1100–1130
Bramber	Sussex	William I de Braose	1086
Brattleby	Lincolnshire	Colswain	1086
Callerton	Northumberland	Hubert de la Val	11th century
Cardinham	Cornwall	Richard FitzTurold	temp. William I(1066–1087)
Chepstow	Monmouthshire	William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford	pre.1070
Chilham	Kent	Fulbert I de Dover	1086^[19]
Chitterne	Wiltshire	Edward of Salisbury	1086
Christchurch	Hampshire	Richard de Reviers	1100–1107
Clun	Shropshire	Robert "Picot de Say"	1086
Dudley	Worcestershire	William FitzAnsculf	1086
Dunster	Somerset	William I de Mohun	1086
Dursley	Gloucestershire	Roger I de Berkeley	1086
Egremont	Cumberland	William Meschin	temp. Henry I (1100–1135)
Elston-in-Orcheston St George	Wiltshire	Osbern Giffard	1086
Eton	Buckinghamshire^[d]	Walter FitzOther	1086
Flamstead	Hertfordshire	Ralph I de Tony	1086
Fotheringay	Northamptonshire	Waltheof son of Siward, Earl of Huntingdon and Northampton	pre-1086
Hadstone	Northumberland	Aschantinus de Worcester	temp. Henry I (1100–1135)
Hastings	Sussex	William II, Count of Eu	1086
Hatfield Peverel	Essex	Ranulph Peverel	1086
Haughley	Suffolk	Hugh de Montfort	1086
Helions Bumpstead	Essex	Tihel	1086
Hepple	Northumberland	Waltheof	pre.1161
Horsley	Derbyshire	Ralph de Burun	1086
Irthington	Cumberland	Ranulph le Meschin	c. 1100
Keevil	Wiltshire	Ernulph de Hesding	pre.1091
Kempsford	Gloucestershire	Ernulf I de Hesding	11th/12th centuries
Kentwell	Suffolk	Frodo	1086
Knaresborough Forest	Yorkshire	Robert I, King of Scotland	temp. Edward II
Lancaster	Lancashire	Roger the Poitevin	temp. William I
Langley	Northumberland	Adam I de Tindale	1165
Lavendon	Buckinghamshire	Bishop of Coutances	1086
Lewes	Sussex	William I de Warenne	1086
Liddel Strength	Cumberland	Ranulph le Meschin	pre. 1121
Little Dunmow	Essex	Ralph Bayard	1086
Little Easton	Essex	Walter the Deacon	1086
Manchester^[20]	Lancashire	Albert de Gresle	temp. William II
Mitford	Northumberland	John	pre temp. Henry I
Odcombe^[e]	Somerset	Ansgar I Brito	1086
Old Wardon	Bedfordshire	William Speche (Espec)	1086
Papcastle	Cumberland	Waldeve	temp. Henry I
Patricksbourne^[f]	Kent	Richard FitzWilliam	1086
Peak	Derbyshire	William I Peverel	1086
Pevensey	Sussex	Gilbert I de l'Aigle	1106–1114
Plympton	Devon	Richard I de Reviers	1087–1107
Pontefract	Yorkshire	Ilbert I de Lacy	1086
Rayleigh	Essex	Swain of Essex	1086
Richmond	Yorkshire	Alan Rufus	1086
Rothersthorpe	Northamptonshire	Gunfrid de Cioches	1086
Skipton	Yorkshire	Robert de Rumilly	temp. William II
Stogursey (Stoke Courcy)	Somerset	William de Falaise	1086
Swanscombe	Kent	Helte^[g]	1086
Tamworth	Staffordshire	Robert Dispensator	1086
Tarrant Keyneston	Dorset	Ralph de Kaines	temp. Henry I
Thirsk	Yorkshire	Robert de Mowbray	pre-1095
Tickhill	Yorkshire	Roger de Busli	1086
Topcliffe	Yorkshire	William I de Percy	1086
Tutbury	Staffordshire	Henry de Ferrers	1086
Wark	Northumberland	Walter Espec	temp. Henry I (1100–1135)
Warter	Yorkshire	Geoffrey FitzPain	c. 1101
Whalton	Northumberland	Walter FitzWilliam	pre-1161
Witham	Essex	Eustace II, Count of Boulogne	1086
Wrinstead^[h]	Kent	William Peverel	post 1088

Source, unless otherwise stated: Sanders (1960), pp. 103–151

Others

Later establishments

Notes

^ The term 'caput baroniae' is often shortened to 'caput'
^ The survey in fact covered all the king's tenants-in-chief, not just those who held per baroniam, which adds much uncertainty as to the exact meaning of the term "baron".^{[citation needed]}
^ Chiselborough held from Robert Count of Mortain
^ Now in Berkshire
^ Odcombe held from Count of Mortain 1086
^ Patricksbourne held from Odo of Bayeux 1086
^ Held from the Bishop of Bayeux
^ Wrinstead: now represented by Wrinstead Court, c. 11 miles NW of Ashford, Kent

References

^ Alexander, J. J. (1941), "Early Barons of Torrington and Barnstaple", Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association, 73: 154
^ Sanders (1960), p.138, refers to the "Lord" of Halton being the hereditary constable of the County Palatine of Chester, and omits Halton from both his lists.
^ ^a ^b Sanders (1960), p.68
^ Passage on servitium debitum based on Douglas (1959), p.894
^ Douglas (1959), p.915
^ Roskell, J. S.; Roskell Clark, Linda; Roskell Rawcliffe, Carole, eds. (1992). House of Commons 1386–1421. The History of Parliament. Vol. 1: Introductory survey, appendices, constituencies. Stroud: Alan Sutton. p. 751. Constituencies, Cinque Ports
^ ^a ^b ^c Sanders (1960), preface, v.
^ Collins's Peerage Claims, P287"the nature of a Barony by tenure being discoursed, it was found to have been discontinued for many ages, and not in being, and not fit to be revived, or to admit any pretence of right of succession thereupon: And that the pretence of a barony by tenure being declared for weighty reasons not to be one to be insisted upon"
^ "1861 English Reports Decisions: The Berkeley Peerage" (PDF). Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. 1861. 8 H.L.C. 21 at 74
^ Barsby, A W; Barsby, C (1996). Manorial Law. Barsby Ltd. ISBN 9780952162520.
^ Sanders (1960), p.56-7 Barony of Kendal; p.103-4 probable Barony of Appleby (Westmorland)
^ The caput of this Barony of Gloucester is uncertain (Sanders, p.6)
^ English, B., The Lords of Holderness, 1086–1260: A Study in Feudal Society, Oxford, 1979
^ Poulett, Scrope G., The History of the Manor and Ancient Barony of Castle Combe in the County of Wiltshire, privately printed, 1852
^ I.J.Sanders Page 37 & 84
^ Batten, J. The Barony of Beauchamp of Somerset, in: Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 36(1891), pp.20–59
^ Greenway, D.E., ed. (1972). Charters of the Honour of Mowbray 1107–1191. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Powley, E.B. The House of De La Pomerai, Liverpool, 1944
^ Hasted, Edward (1798). "Parishes". The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent. 6. Institute of Historical Research: 386–393. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
^ Manchester was held of the Honour of Lancaster, per Sanders (1960), p.130, note 8, therefore possibly more properly a barony within a County Palatine

Sources

Douglas, David C. & Greenaway, George W., (eds.), English Historical Documents 1042–1189, London, 1959. Part IV, Land & People, C, Anglo-Norman Feudalism, pp. 895–944
Sanders, Ivor John (1960). English Baronies: A Study of Their Origin and Descent, 1086-1327. Oxford: Clarendon Press.