Chevak Cupʼik or just Cupʼik (and sometimes Cugtun) is a subdialect of the Hooper Bay–Chevak dialect of Yupʼik spoken in southwestern Alaska in the Chevak (Cupʼik, Cevʼaq) by Chevak Cupʼik Eskimos (own name Cupʼit or Cevʼallrarmuit).[1][2][3] Speakers of the Chevak subdialect refer to themselves as Cupʼik (as opposed to Yupʼik), while speakers of the Hooper Bay subdialect refer to themselves as Yupʼik (not Cupʼik), as in the Yukon-Kuskokwim dialect.
| Chevak Cupʼik | |
|---|---|
| Cugtun | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Central Alaska (Chevak) |
| Ethnicity | Cupʼik |
Eskaleut
| |
Early forms | |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
esu-hoo | |
| Glottolog | None |
The Central Alaskan Yupik who live in the village of Chevak call themselves Cupʼik (plural Cupʼit), whereas those who live on Nunivak Island (Nuniwar in Nunivak Cupʼig, Nunivaaq in Central Yupʼik) call themselves Cupʼig (plural Cupʼit), the spelling differences serving as a self-designated cultural identifier between the two groups. In both dialects, the Yupʼik consonant c is pronounced as an English ch. The Cupʼik dialect is readily distinguished from other dialects of Yupʼik by the pronunciation of the Yupʼik "y" sound as a "ch" sound (represented by the letter "c"), and by some fundamental differences in the basic vocabulary.
The oldest fully bilingual person in Chevak is Leo Moses, born in 1933; there are few if any persons born after 1945 who do not speak English.[1]
The first documentation of the Hooper Bay-Chevak dialect (beyond occasional citations) is found in the unpublished notes of Jesuit priests residing at Hooper Bay and Kashunuk in the 1920s and 1930s. Published recognition of Hooper Bay-Chevak as a morphologically distinct dialect of Yupʼik seems to begin with Michael E. Krauss in 1973,[4] although the fundamental differences between the dialects were common knowledge among native speakers.[1] Cup'ik is a critically threatened language, and English the primary language of everyday communication among most of those with knowledge of the language.
Education
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Their unique cultural and linguistic identity has allowed them to form a single-site school district, the Kashunamiut School District, rather than joining a neighboring Yupʼik school district. English and Cupʼik bilingual education is done at this school. There is a tri-language system in Chevak; English, Cupʼik, and a mixture of the two languages.
Before 1950 formal education for students in Chevak took place in the Qaygiq[5] (semi-underground men's community house), and in the homes of the people.[6]
Vocabulary comparison
editThe comparison of some words in the two dialects.
| Yukon-Kuskokwim Yupʼik | Chevak Cupʼik | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| elicaraq (Y) / elitnauraq (K) | elicaraq skuularaq (English root) |
student |
| elicarista (Y) / elitnaurista (K) | elicarta skuularta (English root) |
teacher |
| yugnikekʼngaq | aiparnatugaq | friend |
| yuilquq | cuilquq | the wilderness; tundra |
| nuussiq | caviggaq | knife (not semi-lunar) |
| uluaq | kegginalek | ulu, semi-lunar woman's knife |
| canek | evek | a blade or stalk of grass |
| ellalluk | ivyuk | rain |
Phonology
editThere are 18 letters used in the Cupʼik alphabet: a c e g i k l m n p q r s t u v w y.[7]
These letters are not used in the Cupʼik alphabet except for certain names: b d f h j o x z.
- Short vowels: a i u e
- Long vowels: aa ii uu
- Diphthongs: ai ui au iu ua ia
- Stops: p t c k q
- Voiced fricatives: v l y g r w
- Voiceless fricatives: vv ll ss gg rr ww
- Voiced nasals: m [m] n [n] ng [ŋ]
- Voiceless nasals: m [m̥] n [n̥] ng [ŋ̊]
Russian loanwords
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The Russian loanwords used in Chevak Cupʼik date from the period of the Russian America (1733–1867).[8]
- caarralaq (< Russian: сахар, romanized: saxar) 'sugar'
- caayuq (< Russian: чай, romanized: čaj) 'tea'
- caanik (< Russian: чайник, romanized: čajnik) 'tea kettle'
- capʼakiq ( < Russian: сапоги, romanized: sapogi) 'shoe'
- cassʼaq (< Russian: часы, romanized: časy) 'clock'
- culunaq (?< Russian: солонина, romanized: solonina 'salted meat') 'salted fish'
- kalantaassaq (< Russian: карандаш, romanized: karandaš) 'pencil'
- kalmaaniq (< Russian: карман, romanized: karman) 'pocket'
- kelipaq (< Russian: хлеб, romanized: xleb) 'bread'
- luussitaq (< Russian: лошадь, romanized: lošadʹ) 'horse'
- massʼlaq (< Russian: масло, romanized: maslo) 'butter; margarine'
- missuulleq (< Russian: мешок, romanized: mešok) 'burlap sack'
- mulukʼuuq (< Russian: молоко, romanized: moloko) 'milk'
- multʼuuq (< Russian: молоток, romanized: molotok) 'hammer'
- palʼtuuk (< Russian: пальто, romanized: palʹto) 'coat; jacket'
- pelatekaq (< Russian: палатка, romanized: palatka) 'tent'
- putuskaq (< Russian: подушка, romanized: poduška) 'pillow'
- spickaq : (< Russian: спичка, romanized: spička) 'match'
- tiititsaaq/tiissitsaaq (< Russian: тысяча, romanized: tysjača) 'thousand; one thousand dollars'
- yaassiik : (< Russian: ящик, romanized: jaščik) 'box; cardboard box'
The names of days and months
edit- erneq day
- Agayuneq ('praying') Sunday
- Pekyun ('movement') Monday
- Aipirin ('next') Tuesday
- Pingayirin ('third') Wednesday
- Citamirin ('fourth') Thursday
- Tallimirin ('fifth') Friday
- Maqineq ('steambath') Saturday
- iraluq month
- Agayuulek ('icicles') January
- Nakrutlek ('accurate shooter') February
- Neqlelek ('white front geese') March
- Tunturalek ('reindeer') April
- Cupun ('breaking river ice') May
- Kaugun ('clubbing fish') June
- Essgun ('newly hatched eggs') July
- Putukuarun ('waddling ducks & geese') August
- Amiirairun ('shedding') September
- Cauyaun ('drumming') (in Chevak) / Ipukaqun (in Hooper Bay) October
- Kanruyauciq ('frost') November
- Angunquyugtuun ('big toe') December
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Woodbury, Anthony Cabot (1981). Study of the Cheyak dialect of Central Yup'ik Eskimo (PDF) (Thesis). University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2019.
- ^ Woodbury, Anthony Cabot (2002). "The word in Cupʼik". In Dixon, R. M. W. and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (eds.) Word: A cross-linguistic typology, 79-99. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Woodbury, Anthony Cabot (2004). Morphological Orthodoxy in Yupik-Inuit. University of Texas, Austin
- ^ Krauss, Michael E. (1973). Eskimo-Aleut. current trends in linguistics 10, ed. by Thomas a. Sebeok, 796-902. The Hague: Mouton.
- ^ "Qaygiq (Men's House) by Dr. John Pingayak". Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
- ^ "GUIDEBOOK for Integrating Cup'ik Culture and Curriculum". www.alaskool.org. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ "Cup'ik Sounds: www.Alaskool.org". www.alaskool.org. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
- ^ Peterson, David A (April 1991). "Russian loan words in Central Alaskan Yupik" (PDF). Fairbanks, AK. (withdrawn)
External links
edit- Alaskool: Chevak Cupʼik Glossary
- Alaskool: Guidebook for Integrating Cupʼik Culture and Curriculum
- Kashunamiut School District Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
- On the Facebook: Cupʼik Word Of The Day - Chevak by Rebecca Nayamin (Cupʼik Language Orthographist)