Horns Rev is a shallow sandy reef of glacial deposits in the eastern North Sea, about 15 km (9.3 mi) off the westernmost point of Denmark, Blåvands Huk.[1] The reef contains the Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farm.[2][3]
Horns Rev offshore wind farm
editAt Horns Rev the Danish Energy company Elsam (now Ørsted) built the first offshore wind farm in the North Sea. When the first phase was inaugurated in 2002, Horns Rev wind farm was the first large scale offshore wind farm in the world at 160 MW,[2][3] four times larger than the previous largest offshore wind farm in the world, the Middelgrunden at 40MW.[4][5]
A total of 80 Vestas V80-2.0 MW units, capable of producing 160 MW, were installed by the Danish offshore wind farms services provider A2SEA in 2002 with the last turbine coming into operation on 11 December 2002. It receives a guaranteed price of 0.453 DKK/kWh for the first 42,000 hours, paid by electricity consumers.[6] Since 2005, the wind farm has been owned and operated by Vattenfall. It cost DKK2bn.[7][unreliable source?] A radar has shown details of the wind patterns, improving local short-term forecasting.[8][9]
Turbines are laid out as an oblique rectangle of 5 km x 3.8 km (8 horizontal and 10 vertical rows). The distance between turbines is 560 m in both directions.
The main method of transport to the first wind park is an adapted Eurocopter EC-135 helicopter when winds are less than 19 m/s.[10] Hoisting the workers to and from a small platform on each turbine allows access to the park regardless of sea conditions which would otherwise prevent sailing in the area for a large part of the year.
Vattenfall can change a gearbox in a day, and the farm has an availability of 96-97%. Two turbines are burnt out, and are uneconomic to replace with less than 10 years left.[10]
In April 2012, most of the Danish Folketing (parliament) agreed to send out tenders in 2013 for a 400 MW wind farm at Horns Rev called Horns Rev 3, and a 600 MW at Kriegers Flak in the Baltic Sea, both likely receiving 90 øre/kWh for the first 50,000 hours.[6] This was expected to raise wind power in Denmark above the current 39% of annual electricity production,[11] which includes the 400 MW Anholt Offshore Wind Farm.[12][13] [14][15] Some of the area is an old minefield from World War Two.[16] Four bidders were qualified for the tender.[17]
Vattenfall won the tender in February 2015, at a price of 77 øre/kWh, well below the 105 øre at Anholt.[18] Vattenfall states that they bid unaggressively against strong competition without sacrificing margins.[19] The price reduction contributes to a smaller "green subsidy" (PSO) over the next years.[20][21] A total of 49 Vestas V164-8.3 MW units, capable of producing 406.7 MW, will be installed.[22] Three transformers were installed in July 2016.[23]
Findings released from an eight-year study about offshore wind farms in Denmark show that the projects "operate in harmony with the surrounding environment".[24] The 2006 report confirms that both the Horns Rev and Nysted offshore wind farms will double in size in the coming years.[25]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Horns Rev, GEUS News nr 4, 2003. Retrieved March 2010.
- ^ a b Horns Rev Wind Farm Archived 29 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Horns Rev web site. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
- ^ a b Horns Revolution Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Modern Power Systems 5 October 2002. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
- ^ Morgan, Colin. Offshore Wind – State of the Art page 24 Garrad Hassan, 20 October 2004. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ Larsen, Jens H. The World's largest off-shore windfarm, Middelgrunden 40MW Archived 31 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine Copenhagen Environment and Energy Office (CEEO), 2001. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ a b "Fremskrivning af PSO-udgifter" page 4. Danish Energy Agency, 19 May 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
- ^ "Horns Reef Wind Farm, Denmark". power-technology.com. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
- ^ Pinson, Pierre. Radar@Sea Archived 31 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ PossPOW: Possible Power of Offshore Wind power plants Technical University of Denmark
- ^ a b "Horns Rev lærte Vattenfall lektien". 24 January 2015.
- ^ Rasmussen, Jesper Nørskov. "Vindmøller slog rekord i 2014 Archived 6 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine" Energinet.dk, 6 January 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
- ^ Dyrskjøt, Mette. "Two giant offshore wind park tenders in 2013" Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Dagbladet Børsen, 23 April 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
- ^ "Energinet kicks off 1GW offshore work"[permanent dead link] reNews, 23 April 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
- ^ "Danish Officials Seek Experienced Bidders" OffshoreWind, 11 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
- ^ "Draft for prequalification criteria for the tender of Horns Rev 3 offshore wind farm Archived 23 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine" Danish Energy Agency, 10 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
- ^ Wittrup, Sanne. "70 tyske miner kan forsinke kommende havmøllepark " Ingeniøren, 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ^ Wittrup, Sanne. "Horns Rev 3 er en godbid " Ingeniøren, 16 February 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
- ^ Wittrup, Sanne. "Svenske Vattenfall skal bygge Danmarks næste havmøllepark Archived 26 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine" Ingeniøren, 26 February 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
- ^ Nielsen, Michael Korsgaard. "Vattenfall: Vi har ikke presset indtjeningen" Berlingske, 12 March 2015.
- ^ Wittrup, Sanne. "Regnefejl, billig vind og sene kystmøller sænker prisen på grøn omstilling " Ingeniøren, 27 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
- ^ PSO prediction
- ^ "Horns Rev 3 offshore wind farm Archived 22 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine" Vattenfall, 27 June 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ^ "Transformer units sent to Horns Rev 3".
- ^ "Environmental Impacts | Energistyrelsen". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
- ^ Denmark to Increase Wind Power to 50% by 2025, Mostly Offshore[usurped]