The Solarium Augusti or Horologium Augusti (both Latin for "Sundial of Augustus"; Italian: Orologio di Augusto) was a monument in the Campus Martius of ancient Rome constructed in 10 BCE under the Roman emperor Augustus. It included an Egyptian obelisk that had first been erected under the pharaoh Psamtik II[1] used in some fashion as a gnomon. Once believed to have been a massive sundial,[2] it is now more commonly understood to have been used with a meridian line used to track the solar year.[3] It served as a monument of Augustus having brought Egypt under Roman rule and was also connected with the Altar of Augustan Peace commemorating the Pax Romana established by his ending the numerous civil wars that ended the Roman Republic. The Solarium was destroyed at some point during the Middle Ages. Its recovered obelisk is now known as the Obelisk of Montecitorio.
History
editIt was erected by the emperor Augustus, with the 30-meter Egyptian red granite Obelisk of Montecitorio, that he had brought from Heliopolis in ancient Egypt. The obelisk was employed as a gnomon that cast its shadow on a marble pavement inlaid with a gilded bronze network of lines, by which it was possible to read the time of day according to the season of the year. The solarium was dedicated to the Sun in 10 BCE, 35 years after Julius Caesar's calendar reform. It was the first solar dedication in Rome.[4]
The Solarium Augusti was integrated with the Ara Pacis in the Campus Martius, aligning with Via Flaminia, in such a way that the shadow of the gnomon fell across the center of the marble altar on 23 September, the birthday of Augustus himself. The obelisk itself was set up to memorialize Augustus' subordination of Egypt to the control of the Roman empire. The two monuments must have been planned together, in relation to the pre-existing Mausoleum of Augustus, to demonstrate that Augustus was "born to bring peace", that peace was his destiny.[5] According to the Cambridge Ancient History, "the collective message dramatically linked peace with military authority and imperial expansion."[6]
In his Natural History, Pliny remarks that in the monument had stopped accurately reflecting the solar year by about 40 CE and offers several explanations for the shift, including that the sun, the earth, or both might not be as fixed in their position and movement as was usually believed at the time.[7] The obelisk was illustrated, supported by a reclining figure, on the base [8] of the Column of Antoninus Pius.
The obelisk gnomon was still standing in the 8th century CE, but was thrown down and broken, then covered in sediment; it was rediscovered in 1512, but not excavated. In a triumphant rededication, the 'Montecitorio obelisk' was re-erected in Piazza di Montecitorio by Pius VI in 1789.[9]
Archaeology
editEdmund Buchner excavated some sections of the calibrated marble pavement of the Solarium Augusti under the block of houses between Piazza del Parlamento and Piazza San Lorenzo in Lucina. Recent studies have challenged Buchner's reconstruction of the Solarium as a full sundial, maintaining that the archaeological and textual evidence indicates a simple meridian line, marking the changing noontime position of the Sun in the course of the year.[10]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Nasrallah, Laura Salah (2019). Archaeology and the Letters of Paul. Oxford University Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-19-969967-4.
- ^ Edmund Buchner (1976). "Solarium Augusti und Ara Pacis", Römische Mitteilungen 83: 319-375; Die Sonnenuhr des Augustus: Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik (Berlin) 1988.
- ^ Peter Heslin, "Augustus, Domitian and the So-Called Horologium Augusti", The Journal of Roman Studies, 97 (2007: 1-20).
- ^ Robert E. A. Palmer, "Studies of the Northern Campus Martius in Ancient Rome" Transactions of the American Philosophical Society New Series 80.2 (1990:1-64) p. 21, commenting on the Acta of the Secular Games.
- ^ Peter J. Holliday, "Time, History, and Ritual on the Ara Pacis Augustae" The Art Bulletin 72.4 (December 1990:542-557) p. 554.
- ^ Alan K. Bowman, Edward Champlin, Andrew William Lintott, The Cambridge Ancient History 1996:194, reporting Buchner's meticulous survey published in Buchner, "Horologium solarium Augusti: Vorbericht über die Ausgrabungen 1979/80" Römische Mitteilungen 87 (1980:355-73).
- ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History, xxxvi.72-73.
- ^ Now in the Vatican Museums; illustrated by Dr. Mary Ann Sullivan
- ^ Samuel Ball Platner and Thomas Ashby, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (London: Oxford University Press), 1929:366f, with William Thayer's additional notes
- ^ Peter Heslin, "Augustus, Domitian and the So-Called Horologium Augusti", The Journal of Roman Studies, 97 (2007: 1-20).
References
edit- The broad context of the Augustan iconographic program, of which the Solarium Augusti is part, is presented in The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus by Paul Zanker; University of Michigan Press; 1988.
External links
edit
- Paul Zanker, "The Augustan Program of Cultural Renewal (part two). The Solarium Augusti in the context of Augustan monuments.
- Project to construct a full-scale replica on the campus of the University of Oregon, Eugene
- "The Horologium of Augustus: a bibliography"
- Horologium of Augustus, part of the Encyclopædia Romana by James Grout
- Meridian vs. Horologium-Solarium