Agaricus arvensis, commonly known as the horse mushroom,[2] is a mushroom-forming fungus of the genus Agaricus.
| Horse mushroom | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Agaricaceae |
| Genus: | Agaricus |
| Species: | A. arvensis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Agaricus arvensis Schaeff. (1774)
| |
Agaricus arvensis | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex |
 | Hymenium is free |
 | Stipe has a ring |
 | Spore print is brown to blackish-brown |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is choice |
Taxonomy
editIt was described as Agaricus arvensis by Jacob Christian Schaeffer in 1774,[3] and given numerous binomial descriptions since. Its specific name arvensis means 'of the field'.
Description
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The cap is 7–20 centimetres (3–8 inches), whitish, smooth, and dry; it stains yellow, particularly when young.[4] The gills are pale pink to white at first, later passing through grey and brown to become dull chocolate.[4] There is a large spreading ring, white above but sometimes with yellowish scales underneath. Viewed from below, on a closed-cap specimen, the twin-layered ring has a well-developed 'cogwheel' pattern around the stipe. This is the lower part of the double ring. The stalk is 5–12 cm (2–4+1⁄2 in) long and 1–3 cm wide.[4] The spores are brown and smooth.[4] The odor is similar to that of almond extract or marzipan, due to the presence of benzaldehyde.[5] It belongs to a group of Agaricus which tend to stain yellow on bruising.
Similar species
editWhen young, this fungus is often confused with species of the deadly genus Amanita.
- Agaricus osecanus is rare, and is without the almond smell.[6]
- Agaricus xanthodermus, the yellow stainer, can cause stomach upsets.[4]
Distribution and habitat
editIt is one of the largest white Agaricus species in Britain (where it appears during the months of July–November), West Asia (Iran),[7] and North America. Frequently found near stables, as well as in meadows, it may form fairy rings. The mushroom is often found growing with nettles (a plant that also likes nutrient-rich soil). It is sometimes found associated with spruce.[8]
Conservation
editThis mushroom is considered common and widespread, and is not a conservation concern.[9]
Edibility
editThis is a choice edible species[10] which has been much prized by farmers for generations, being regarded as one of the most delicious of all edible fungi.[citation needed] Despite this, the fruit bodies of this and other yellow-staining Agaricus species often have a build-up of heavy metals, such as cadmium and copper.[9] However, this mushroom can resemble deadly mushrooms in the genus Amanita, such as A. verna.[11]
References
edit- ^ Dahlberg, A. (2019). "Agaricus arvensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T122090207A222966101. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T122090207A222966101.en. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ Kuo, M. (2007). 100 Edible Mushrooms. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-472-03126-9.
- ^ Schaeffer, Jacob Christian (1774). Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur Icones (in Latin). Vol. 4. Erlangen: J.J. Palmium. pp. 73–74.
- ^ a b c d e Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
- ^ Dogan, A., Dalar, A., Sadullahoglu, C., Battal, A., Uzun, Y., Celik, I., & Demirel, K. (2018). Investigation of the protective effects of horse mushroom (Agaricus arvensis Schaeff.) against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress in rats. Molecular Biology Reports, 45(5), 787–797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-018-4218-4
- ^ Roger Phillips (2006). Mushrooms. Pan MacMillan. ISBN 0-330-44237-6.
- ^ Asef Shayan MR. (2010). قارچهای سمی ایران (Qarch-ha-ye Sammi-ye Iran) [Poisonous mushrooms of Iran] (in Persian). Iran shenasi. p. 214. ISBN 978-964-2725-29-8.
- ^ Lincoff, Gary. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms. Chanticleer Press: New York, 1981.
- ^ a b "Plants & Fungi: Agaricus arvensis (horse mushroom) - Species profile from". Kew. Archived from the original on 2013-03-18. Retrieved 2013-05-19.
- ^ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
- ^ McKnight, V.B.; McKnight, K.H. (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America. Peterson Field Guides. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. p. 255. ISBN 0-395-91090-0.
External links
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