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Hotchkiss M1909 Benét–Mercié machine gun

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The Hotchkiss M1909 machine gun was a light machine gun of the early 20th century that was developed and built by Hotchkiss et Cie. It was also known as the Hotchkiss Mark I, Hotchkiss Portative and M1909 Benét–Mercié.

Hotchkiss M1909 Benét–Mercié machine gun
A Hotchkiss Mark I
TypeLight machine gun
Place of originFrance
Service history
In service1909–1945
Used bySee Users
WarsItalo-Turkish War
United States occupation of Nicaragua
United States occupation of Haiti
United States occupation of the Dominican Republic
Border War
World War I
Russian Civil War
Irish Civil War
Warlord Era
Spanish Civil War
World War II
Production history
DesignerLaurence Benét and Henri Mercié
Designed1901
ManufacturerHotchkiss et Cie
Produced1909
No. built40,000+ in GB; ~700 in US
VariantsHotchkiss M1909 (French Army, 8×50mm Lebel)
Hotchkiss Mark I (Britain, .303)
Benét–Mercié Machine Rifle M1909 (United States, .30-06)
Specifications
Mass12 kg (26.5 lb)
Length1.23 m (48 in)[1]
Barrel length64 cm (25 in)[1]
Cartridge.303 British (Britain)
8mm Lebel (France)
.30-06 Springfield (U.S.)
7×57 mm Mauser (Brazil and Spain)
Caliber.303 (7.70 mm)
8 mm
.30 (7.62 mm)
7 mm
ActionGas-operated
Rate of fire400-600 rounds per minute[1]
Maximum firing range3800 m
Feed system30-round feed strip, or belt-fed

Design

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It was based on a design by Austrian nobleman and Army officer, Adolf Odkolek von Újezd, who sold the manufacturing rights to Hotchkiss in 1893.[citation needed] Several improved versions were designed by Hotchkiss's American manager, Laurence Vincent Benét (son of General Stephen Vincent Benét) and his French assistant, Henri Mercié.

It was gas-operated and air-cooled, had a maximum range of 3,800 m (4,200 yd) and weighed 12 kg (27 lb). Initial models were fed by a 30-round feed strip but later models could be either strip-fed or belt-fed. The U.S. types had a bipod, while some others used a small tripod. This tripod, fitted under the firearm, could be moved with the weapon, and thus was very different from larger, heavier tripods of the period.

Manufacture

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Production began at the Hotchkiss factory in Saint-Denis, Paris, but in 1914, with the invading German army threatening the city, the French military authorities ordered the factory to be moved to Lyon. The following year, the British government invited Hotchkiss to set up a factory in Coventry. By the end of the war, this factory had manufactured over 40,000 M1909s.[2]

The U.S. version was made by Springfield Armory and by Colt's Manufacturing Company. Total production for the United States was 670.[1] This was small compared to the huge production runs of firearms later in the 20th century, but this was a significant number for the size of the contemporary U.S. Army. The M1909's adoption coincided with the withdrawal of the .30-06 manually operated Gatling guns from the U.S. Army's arsenals.

Service

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As the Hotchkiss M1909 (or Mle 1909), firing the 8 mm Lebel, it was adopted by the French military in 1909 but not issued as an infantry weapon. The 700 examples manufactured were used in the fortresses at Verdun in a defensive capacity, on some fighter aircraft, and in Mark V* tanks acquired from Great Britain.

A variant to use the .303 round was produced in Britain at the Coventry factory as the "Hotchkiss Mark I" and issued to some cavalry regiments. The MkI* variant, with the wooden stock replaced with a pistol grip, was widely used in British tanks during World War I.[3]

It was adopted by the United States in 1909 as the "Benét–Mercié Machine Rifle, Caliber .30 U. S. Model of 1909" firing the .30-06 cartridge. It was also used by other countries, including Belgium, Sweden and Mexico.[4] France and Britain used the Hotchkiss M1909 through World War I and on into World War II. The Australian Light Horse, the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade, the Imperial Camel Corps, and the Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry[5] used the Hotchkiss in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (1915–17).[6]

U.S. forces used the Benét–Mercié at the Battle of Masaya in 1912, In the 1915 Haitian Campaign, the 1916 Battle of Guayacanas,[7] the Battle of Columbus in 1916 (4 guns fired 20,000 rounds total in the engagement), the subsequent Pancho Villa Expedition in Mexico of 1916–17,[8] and initially in France.[citation needed]

On the American guns, firing pins and extractors broke frequently. Some members of the U.S. press derisively called the M1909 the "daylight gun" because of the difficulty in replacing broken parts at night and jams caused when a loading strip was inserted upside down in darkness.[1] Major Julian Hatcher was assigned to look into the issue after Columbus and found almost all the issues were due to inadequate training. U.S. troops during the Villa Expedition received additional training and the M1909 was considered an effective weapon.[9] During service in the Villa Expedition in 1916, the M1909 was fitted with the Model 1908 Warner & Swasey Musket Sight (more well known as an early telescopic sight on the M1903 Springfield Rifle) to aid in long-range firing.[10] U.S. production had already ceased before World War I and only a small number were available to the U.S. military. However, the U.S. Navy still used them in that period.

Users

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Canfield, Bruce N. (September 2010). "The 'Daylight Gun': U.S. Model of 1909 Benét–Mercié Machine Gun". American Rifleman. Vol. 158, no. 9. pp. 84–87.
  2. ^ Childs, David J. (1999). A Peripheral Weapon?: The Production and Employment of British Tanks in the First World War. Greenwood Publishing. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-31330-832-1.
  3. ^ "Hotchkiss Machine Gun Mk 1*". Imperial War Museum. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Hotchkiss Portative LMG". Forgotten Weapons. 14 September 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  5. ^ a b c Bull, Stephen (1998). World War One: British Army. History of Uniforms. London & Washington: Brassey. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-85753-270-8.
  6. ^ Idress, Ion (1944). The Desert Column: Leaves from the Diary of an Australian Trooper in Gallipoli, Sinai and Palestine. Sydney, NSW: Angus & Robertson. p. 225.
  7. ^ Association, National Rifle. "An Official Journal Of The NRA | Guns of the "Banana Wars" Part One". An Official Journal Of The NRA. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  8. ^ Segel 2012
  9. ^ Hatcher, Julian S. (1962). Hatcher's Notebook (3rd ed.). Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. 93–101. LCCN 62-12654.
  10. ^ Canfield, Bruce (October 2016). "1916: Guns On The Border". American Rifleman. Vol. 164, no. 10. National Rifle Association.
  11. ^ Athanassiou, Phoebus (30 November 2017). Armies of the Greek-Italian War 1940–41. Men-at-Arms 514. Osprey Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-47281-917-8.
  12. ^ a b Esposito, Gabriele (2020). Armies of the Italian-Turkish War Conquest of Libya, 1911-1912. Giuseppe Rava. Oxford. ISBN 978-1-4728-3940-4. OCLC 1159412148.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ "Hotchkiss light machine gun". NZ History. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 15 July 2013.

Further reading

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