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United States House Committee on Oversight and Accountability

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The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the main investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. The committee's broad jurisdiction and legislative authority make it one of the most influential and powerful panels in the House. Its chair is one of only three in the House with the authority to issue subpoenas without a committee vote or consultation with the ranking member.[1] However, in recent history, it has become practice to refrain from unilateral subpoenas.[2]

House Oversight Committee
Standing committee
Active

United States House of Representatives
118th Congress
History
Formed1927
Leadership
ChairJames Comer (R)
Since January 10, 2023
Ranking memberJamie Raskin (D)
Since January 10, 2023
Structure
Seats47
Political partiesMajority (26)
  •   Republican (26)
Minority (21)
Subcommittees
Website
oversight.house.gov
oversightdemocrats.house.gov
Rules

Carolyn Maloney (D-New York) served as acting chair of the committee following the death of Elijah Cummings (D-Maryland) on October 17, 2019;[3][4][5] she was elected chair a month later.[6][7] Representative Jim Jordan served as ranking member from January 3, 2019, until March 12, 2020. On March 31, 2020, Jordan switched to become the ranking member of the Judiciary committee instead. Representative Mark Meadows served as ranking member from March 13, 2020, until March 30, 2020, when he resigned his congressional seat to become White House Chief of Staff.[5][8] Representative James Comer (R-Kentucky) was selected to succeed Meadows on June 29, 2020. Comer became Chair when Republicans regained control of the House majority,[9] with Representative Jamie Raskin (D-Maryland) being elected as Ranking Member.[10] Politico reported in late January that Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-New York) would be appointed as the Vice Ranking Member.[11]

History

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The panel now known as the Committee on Oversight and Accountability was originally the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments, created in 1927 to consolidate 11 separate Committees on Expenditures that had previously overseen the spending of various departments of the federal government.[12][13]

The Committee on Expenditures became the Committee on Government Operations in 1952.[12] The new name was intended to reflect the committee's broad mission: to oversee "the operations of Government activities at all levels with a view to determining their economy and efficiency".[13]

After Republicans gained control of the House in the 1994 elections, the committee was reorganized to include seven subcommittees instead of 14. This reorganization consolidated the jurisdiction previously covered by three full committees and resulted in a 50 percent cut in staff.[14] In 2007, a reorganization under a new Democratic majority combined the duties of the seven subcommittees into five.[15]

In the 106th Congress, the panel was renamed the Committee on Government Reform. While retaining the agenda of the former Committee on Government Operations, the new committee also took on the responsibilities of the former House Committee on the Post Office and Civil Service and the Committee on the District of Columbia. On January 4, 2007, the 110th Congress renamed it the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. The name was changed again by the 116th Congress to the Committee on Oversight and Reform. For the 118th Congress, Republicans changed the name to "Committee on Oversight and Accountability, which is the current iteration. Since 2007, it has simply been called the "Oversight Committee" for short.

Subpoena usage

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In 1997, the Republican majority on the committee changed its rules to allow the chairman, Dan Burton (R-Indiana), to issue subpoenas without the consent of the committee's ranking Democrat.[16] From 1997 to 2002, Burton used this authority to issue 1,052 unilateral subpoenas, many of them related to alleged misconduct by President Bill Clinton, at a cost of more than $35 million.[17]

By contrast, from 2003 to 2005, under the chairmanship of Tom Davis (R-Virginia), the committee issued only three subpoenas to the Bush administration.[17]

After Republicans retook the House in the 2010 elections, the new chairman, Darrell Issa (R-California), escalated the use of subpoenas again, issuing more than 100 in four years during the Obama administration.[18] That was more than the combined total issued by the previous three chairmen—Davis, Henry Waxman (D-California), and Edolphus Towns (D-New York)—from 2003 to 2010.[19]

Prominent hearings and investigations

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Between 2000 and 2006, many major events and scandals in the Bush administration generated few or no subpoenas from the Republican-led committee. These events included the September 11 attacks; the leaking of classified information identifying Central Intelligence Agency agent Valerie Plame; CIA-backed abuses at Abu Ghraib prison; the Bush administration claim that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction; illegal campaign contributions by lobbyists, including Jack Abramoff; deaths and damage due to the Federal Emergency Management Agency's weak response to Hurricane Katrina; and Philip Cooney's suppression of data demonstrating the existence of global warming. After the release of the Downing Street memo, which contained incriminating information on the buildup to the Iraq War, Democrats in the minority were refused a hearing chamber and were forced to meet in the basement of the United States Capitol.[20]

However, under Davis's chairmanship from 2003 to 2007, the committee launched two controversial investigations. One of those investigations—triggered by the publication of Jose Canseco's memoir, Juiced—concerned the use of anabolic steroids by Major League Baseball players.[citation needed]

An inquiry was also made into the case of Terry Schiavo. In that investigation, which concerned the removal of a feeding tube from a woman in a persistent vegetative state, the committee issued a subpoena requiring Schiavo to "appear" so that members could "examine nutrition and hydration which incapacitated patients receive as part of their care".[21] The apparent objective of this, beyond providing information to committee members, was to delay the pending withdrawal of life support from Schiavo, whose wishes were in dispute, while Congress considered legislation specifically targeted at her case. Members of the Democratic minority opposed the action. Chairman Davis said it was "a legitimate legislative inquiry".[22]

The committee also investigated World Wrestling Entertainment's wellness and drug policies, amid speculation about a possible link between steroid use and the death of WWE performer Chris Benoit.[23]

On July 8, 2009, committee Republicans released an investigative staff report discussing the financial crisis of 2007–2008. The report alleged that the government had caused the collapse by meddling in the United States' housing and lending market in the name of "affordable housing".[24]

In February 2012, the committee held a hearing on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's mandate that would "require all employers to cover birth control free of cost to women". Specifically, Republicans on the committee alleged that the Department of Health and Human Services's rules governing exemptions for religious institutions violated the Free Exercise Clause of the Constitution.[25] The chairman, Darrell Issa, said the hearing was "meant to be more broadly about religious freedom and not specifically about the contraception mandate in the Health Reform law".[26]

After Aaron Swartz committed suicide on January 11, 2013, the committee investigated the Justice Department's actions in prosecuting Swartz on hacking charges.[27] On January 28, Issa and ranking member Elijah Cummings published a letter to Attorney General Eric Holder, questioning whether prosecutors had intentionally added felony counts to increase the amount of prison time Swartz faced.[28]

On July 10, 2019, a hearing was held by the United States House Oversight Subcommittee on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties entitled "Kids in Cages: Inhumane Treatment at the Border" on the "inhumane treatment of children and families" inside child detention centers on the southern US border. Jamie Raskin (D-MD) chaired the session which included testimony from Yazmin Juarez, the mother of Mariee who died at the age of nineteen months while detained in a United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) center in Dilley, Texas.[29] In his opening statement Raskin said that "hundreds of thousands of people" have responded to the "harsh policies" by deciding to "migrate now before things get even worse".[30]

Jurisdiction

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According to House rules, the committee has jurisdiction over the following areas:[31]

  1. Federal civil service, including intergovernmental personnel; and the status of officers and employees of the United States, including their compensation, classification, and retirement.
  2. Municipal affairs of the District of Columbia in general (other than appropriations).
  3. Federal paperwork reduction.
  4. Government management and accounting measures generally.
  5. Holidays and celebrations.
  6. Overall economy, efficiency, and management of government operations and activities, including Federal procurement.
  7. National archives.
  8. Population and demography generally, including the Census.
  9. Postal service generally, including transportation of the mails.
  10. Public information and records.
  11. Relationship of the Federal Government to the States and municipalities generally.
  12. Reorganizations in the executive branch of the Government.

Members, 118th Congress

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Majority Minority

Resolutions electing members: H.Res. 14 (Chair), H.Res. 15 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 70 (R), H.Res. 71 (D), H.Res. 704 (D), H.Res. 913 (R), H.Res. 1034 (D)

Subcommittees

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Subcommittee Chair[32] Ranking Member[33]
Cyber Security, Information Technology and Government Innovation Nancy Mace (R-SC) Gerry Connolly (D-VA)
Economic Growth, Energy Policy and Regulatory Affairs Pat Fallon (R-TX) Cori Bush (D-MO)
Government Operations and the Federal Workforce Pete Sessions (R-TX) Kweisi Mfume (D-MD)
Health Care and Financial Services Lisa McClain (R-MI) Katie Porter (D-CA)
National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs Glenn Grothman (R-WI) Robert Garcia (D-CA)
Coronavirus Pandemic (Select) Brad Wenstrup (R-OH) Raul Ruiz (D-CA)

Former subcommittees

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Chair

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Chair Party State Years
  William Williamson Republican South Dakota 1927–1931
  John J. Cochran Democratic Missouri 1931–1940
  James A. O'Leary Democratic New York 1940–1944
Carter Manasco Democratic Alabama 1944–1947
  Clare Hoffman Republican Michigan 1947–1949
  William L. Dawson Democratic Illinois 1949–1953
  Clare Hoffman Republican Michigan 1953–1955
  William L. Dawson Democratic Illinois 1955–1970
  Chester E. Holifield Democratic California 1970–1974
  Jack Brooks Democratic Texas 1975–1989
  John Conyers Democratic Michigan 1989–1995
  William F. Clinger Republican Pennsylvania 1995–1997
  Dan Burton Republican Indiana 1997–2003
  Thomas M. Davis Republican Virginia 2003–2007
  Henry Waxman Democratic California 2007–2009
  Edolphus Towns Democratic New York 2009–2011
  Darrell Issa Republican California 2011–2015
  Jason Chaffetz Republican Utah 2015–2017
  Trey Gowdy Republican South Carolina 2017–2019
  Elijah Cummings Democratic Maryland 2019
  Carolyn Maloney Democratic New York 2019–2023
  James Comer Republican Kentucky 2023–present

Historical membership rosters

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117th Congress

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Majority Minority

Sources: H.Res.9 (Chair), H.Res.10 (Ranking Member) H.Res.62 (D), H.Res.63 (R), H.Res.789 (Removing Paul Gosar), H.Res.825 (D - Shontel Brown), H.Res.1225 (R - Mike Flood)

116th Congress

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Majority Minority

Sources: H.Res. 24 (Chair), H.Res. 25 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 67 (D), H.Res. 68 (R)

Membership changes

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The Oversight and Government Reform Committee underwent numerous membership changes over the course of the 116th United States Congress.

Subcommittees
Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member
Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Jamie Raskin (D-MD) Chip Roy (R-TX)
Economic and Consumer Policy Raja Krishnamoorthi (D-IL) Michael Cloud (R-TX)
Environment Harley Rouda (D-CA) James Comer (R-KY)
Government Operations Gerry Connolly (D-VA) Mark Meadows (R-NC)[8]
National Security Stephen Lynch (D-MA) Jody Hice (R-GA)
Coronavirus Crisis (Select) Jim Clyburn (D-SC) Steve Scalise (R-LA)

115th Congress

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Majority Minority

Sources: H.Res. 6 (Chair), H.Res. 7 (Ranking Member), H.Res. 45 (D) H.Res. 51 (R), H.Res. 52, H.Res. 95 and H.Res. 127 (D)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Koempel, Michael (March 16, 2017). "A Survey of House and Senate Committee Rules on Subpoenas" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  2. ^ "Cummings to Issa: Unilateral subpoenas, access to records" (PDF). January 24, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  3. ^ Chiacu, Doina; Heavey, Susan (October 17, 2019). Lambert, Lisa (ed.). "Maloney to be acting House oversight chair after Cummings death". Reuters. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  4. ^ "Cummings Named Oversight Committee Chairman" (Press release). Committee on Oversight and Reform. January 4, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
  5. ^ a b "Oversight and Reform Members". House Committee on Oversight and Reform. January 28, 2015. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  6. ^ "Maloney Elected Chair of House Committee on Oversight and Reform". House Committee on Oversight and Reform. November 20, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  7. ^ Daly, Matthew (November 20, 2019). "Maloney chosen as first woman to lead House Oversight panel". WCTI-TV. Associated Press. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  8. ^ a b c Moe, Alex; Helsel, Phil (March 30, 2020). "Rep. Mark Meadows resigns from Congress to become Trump's chief of staff". NBC News. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  9. ^ "Comer Selected as Chairman of Oversight Committee". December 7, 2022.
  10. ^ "Rep. Jamie Raskin to Lead Democrats on House Oversight Committee". December 22, 2022.
  11. ^ "AOC in line to become her party's No. 2 on Oversight panel". Politico. January 27, 2023.
  12. ^ a b "House Committee on Government Reform". princeton.edu. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  13. ^ a b "Oversight Plan". lobby.la.psu.edu. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  14. ^ "Committee on Government Reform: Background/History" (PDF). House.gov. May 20, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2006. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  15. ^ "Chairman Waxman Announces Committee Organization" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 31, 2007. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  16. ^ Green, Joshua (November 7, 2018). "Republicans Weaponized the House. Now, Democrats Will Use It Against Trump". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  17. ^ a b Milbank, Dana (December 18, 2005). "Bush's Fumbles Spur New Talk of Oversight on Hill". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  18. ^ Wire, Sarah D. (July 17, 2017). "Darrell Issa was Obama's toughest critic. Here's why he's suddenly sounding like a moderate". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  19. ^ "Cummings Objects To Issa 'Subpoena Binge' After Benghazi Taken Away From Oversight Committee". House Committee on Oversight and Reform. July 9, 2014. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  20. ^ Kuhn, David Paul (June 17, 2005). "Just hearsay, or the new Watergate tapes?". Salon. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  21. ^ "Davis to Schiavo subpoena" (PDF). Abstractappeal.com. March 18, 2005. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  22. ^ Adair, Bill; Nohlgren, Stephen (March 19, 2005). "Republicans flex subpoena muscle". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  23. ^ "Congress wants WWE's info on steroids, doping". MSNBC. July 28, 2007. Archived from the original on November 17, 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  24. ^ The Role of Government Affordable Housing Policy in Creating the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 Archived July 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ Pear, Robert (February 16, 2012). "Birth Control Coverage Rule Debated at House Hearing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  26. ^ Shine, Tom (February 16, 2012). "Rep. Darrell Issa Bars Minority Witness, a Woman, on Contraception". ABC News. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  27. ^ Sasso, Brendan (January 16, 2013). "Lawmakers slam DOJ prosecution of Swartz as 'ridiculous, absurd'". Hillicon Valley. The hill. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  28. ^ Zetter, Kim. "Congress Demands Justice Department Explain Aaron Swartz Prosecution | Threat Level". Wired. Wired.com. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  29. ^ Jamie Raskin (July 10, 2019). House hearing on conditions in child detention centers (video). United States House Oversight Subcommittee on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties. Washington, DC: Guardian News. Retrieved July 11, 2019. Ronald Vitiello, former chief of US Border Patrol and former acting director of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, also testifies.
  30. ^ Raskin, Jamie (July 10, 2019). "Chairman Raskin's Opening Statement at Subcommittee on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Hearing on Treatment of Immigrant Children". Retrieved July 11, 2019.
  31. ^ "Rules of the United States House of Representatives" (PDF). United States House of Representatives. Retrieved April 25, 2023.
  32. ^ "Comer Announces Subcommittee Chairs and Membership for 118th Congress". United States House Committee on Oversight and Accountability. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  33. ^ "Ranking Member Raskin Announces Democrats' 118th Congress Ranking Member and Subcommittee Assignments". House Committee on Oversight and Reform. February 23, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  34. ^ Caygle, Heather; Bresnahan, John; Cheney, Kyle (October 27, 2019). "Rep. Katie Hill to resign amid allegations of inappropriate relationships with staffers". Politico. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  35. ^ Ferris, Sarah (November 20, 2019). "Rep. Carolyn Maloney wins election to chair House Oversight Committee". Politico. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  36. ^ Beavers, Olivia; Brufke, Julie Grace (February 6, 2020). "House Republicans move Jordan to Judiciary, Meadows to Oversight". The Hill. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  37. ^ Zanona, Melanie (June 29, 2020). "GOP panel picks James Comer as top Republican on Oversight Committee". Politico. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
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