The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (January 2017) |
A housing affordability index (HAI) is an index that measures housing affordability, usually the degree to which the median person or family in a particular country or region can afford housing/housing-related costs.[1][2][3]
An HAI is seen as an overall indication of the cost of living in an area; with that said, a cost-of-living index would provide such information in more detail.[3]
Canada
editThe Bank of Canada has published its Housing Affordability Index since 1983.[4] This HAI is "meant to measure the share of disposable income that a representative household would put toward housing-related expenses," which includes mortgage payments and utility fees. The measure is a ratio of housing-related costs to average household disposable income; the higher the ratio, the more difficult it is to afford a home.[2]
The National Bank of Canada publishes a Housing Affordability Monitor report, which "measures housing affordability in 10 major census metropolitan areas" (Calgary, Edmonton, Hamilton, Montreal, Ottawa–Gatineau, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver, Victoria, Winnipeg) and "summarizes the results in a weighted-average composite of the 10 CMAs." The report tracks the condominium market, other dwellings (single detached, semi-detached), and the market as a whole.[5]
The Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) publishes a Housing Trends and Affordability report, which aggregates affordability measures.[6]
Desjardins Group publishes the Desjardins Affordability Index (DAI), which "measures the ability of households to purchase a home and assume related costs," calculated for Canada as a whole, as well as for the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, for all CMAs of these two provinces, and for the cities of Calgary and Vancouver.[7]
Statistics Canada publishes the New Housing Price Index (NHPI), a "monthly series that measures changes over time in the contractors' selling prices of new residential houses, where detailed specifications pertaining to each house remain the same between two consecutive periods."[8][2] The NHPI is used by economists, academics, and the general public to monitor trends in the residential sector of the Canadian construction industry.[8]
RE/MAX Canada also publishes a Housing Affordability Report.[9]
United States
edit
The National Association of Realtors (NAR) publishes a monthly Housing Affordability Index which "measures whether or not a typical family earns enough income to qualify for a mortgage loan on a typical home at the national and regional levels based on the most recent price and income data."[10][3]
A value of 100 means that a family with the median income has exactly enough income to qualify for a mortgage on a median-priced home. An index above 100 signifies that family earning the median income has more than enough income to qualify for a mortgage loan on a median-priced home, assuming a 20% down payment and a qualifying ratio of 25%.
For example, a composite HAI of 120.0 means a family earning the median family income has 120% of the income necessary to qualify for a conventional loan covering 80 percent of a median-priced existing single-family home.[11] National as well as regional data is published.
Another index is the NAHB/Wells Fargo Housing Opportunity Index (HOI) published by the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) and Wells Fargo. The index measures the number of houses sold in an area that were deemed affordable based on income and housing costs.[12] Both national data and data by metropolitan area are published.
The Chicago-based Center for Neighborhood Technology published the Housing + Transportation Affordability Index, which provides a "comprehensive view of affordability that includes both the cost of housing and the cost of transportation at the neighborhood level" in the US.[13]
Others
edit- On a larger scale, the OECD has published data on housing prices around the world, which includes housing rent prices indices, real and nominal house prices indices, and ratios of price to rent and price to income.[14]
- In the European Union, the EU has also released data on housing affordability.[15]
- In Australia, the Housing Industry Association publishes a Housing Affordability Index,[16] which is a "'purchase affordability' metric which is most representative of an individual owner occupier purchasing a home with a mortgage, although it is also indicative of conditions for others transacting in the housing market." In this context, the HIA defines affordability in accordance with the premise that "housing costs become excessive should they exceed more than 30% of their income."[17]
- The U.K. Office for National Statistics has published reports for housing affordability in England and Wales, using "annual data on house prices and annual earnings to calculate affordability ratios for national and subnational geographies" in those two countries.[18]
References
edit- ^ National Association of Realtors (2022-01-01). "Housing Affordability Index (Fixed)". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
- ^ a b c "Real estate market: Definitions, graphs and data". www.bankofcanada.ca. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
- ^ a b c Kenton, Will (September 30, 2022). "Affordability Index". Investopedia. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
- ^ Bico, David (21 November 2022). "Canada Housing Affordability". www.canadianrealestatemagazine.ca. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
- ^ Dahms, Kyle, and Alexandra Ducharme. 2023 March 7. "Housing Affordability Monitor - 2022 Q4: First improvement in over 2 years." National Bank of Canada.
- ^ Hogue, Robert (2022-09-29). "Buying a home has never been so unaffordable in Canada". RBC Thought Leadership. Royal Bank of Canada. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
- ^ "Desjardins Affordability Index | Desjardins Funds". www.fondsdesjardins.com. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
- ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2023-02-28). "New Housing Price Index (NHPI)". www23.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
- ^ McNutt, Lydia (2022-07-20). "Housing Affordability in Canada: 2022 RE/MAX Report". RE/MAX Canada. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
- ^ "Housing Affordability Index". www.nar.realtor. 2017-10-02. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
- ^ "Methodology About the Index". National Association of Realtors. nd. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- ^ "Housing Opportunity Index (HOI)". Washington, DC: National Association of Home Builders (NAHB). nd. Retrieved 5 May 2019.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Housing + Transportation Affordability Index". Center for Neighborhood Technology. 2009-01-01. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
- ^ "Housing prices" (indicator). OECD. 2023. doi:10.1787/63008438-en. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
- ^ "Housing in Europe - Is housing affordable ?". Housing in Europe. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
- ^ "HIA Housing Report ." Housing Industry Association via the Commonwealth Bank. 2007. Archived from the original on March 29, 2009.
- ^ HIA Housing Affordability Index Methodology. HIA Economics Note. Housing Industry Association. July 2017.
- ^ "Housing affordability in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
External links
editWorldwide
United States
Australia