Hri (Sanskrit: ह्रीः, hrīḥ; Pali: hiri) is a Sanskrit Buddhist term translated as "self-respect" or "conscientiousness". Pronounced /hriːh/. It is defined as the attitude of taking earnest care with regard to one's actions and refraining from non-virtuous actions.[1][2] It is one of the virtuous mental factors within the Abhidharma teachings.
| Translations of hri | |
|---|---|
| English | self-respect, conscientiousness, sense of shame, dignity |
| Sanskrit | ह्रीः (hrīḥ) |
| Pali | hiri |
| Chinese | 慚(T) / 惭(S) |
| Indonesian | rasa malu; rasa malu berbuat jahat |
| Japanese | 慚 (Rōmaji: zan) |
| Korean | 참 (RR: cham) |
| Tibetan | ངོ་ཚ་ཤེས་པ། (Wylie: ngo tsha shes pa; THL: ngo tsa shepa) |
| Glossary of Buddhism | |
The Abhidharma-samuccaya states:
- "What is hri? It is to avoid what is objectionable as far as I see it and its function is to provide a basis for refraining from non-virtuous actions."[1]
Pali Canon
editThere are two suttas in the Pali Canon that bear the title "Hiri Sutta." Both of these texts focus on the issue of moral shame.
The first sutta (SN 1.18) is a short dialogue between the Buddha and a deity on the nature of conscience.[3]
The second sutta (Sn 2.3) is a question and answer dialogue between the Buddha and an ascetic regarding the nature of true friendship.[4]
Mahayana
editHrīḥ is the seed syllable of the Buddha Amitābha, and represents the qualities of the Buddha of the western quarter, meditation and compassion. In Tibet it is also associated with Avalokiteśvara or Chenresig and is the seed syllable that symbolizes the essence of his mindstream.[5] It is often visualized at the heart center of Chenrezig in meditation practices. The Dalai Lamas are considered to be manifestations of Chenrezig in human form. Therefore, the seed syllable HRI is intrinsically linked to the Dalai Lama lineage. This connection reinforces the Dalai Lamas' role as the embodiment of compassion and wisdom.[6]
The Abhidharmakośabhāsya lists hrī among the ten virtuous mental factors (daśa kuśalamahābhῡmikā dharma; 大善地法).
The Yogācāra tradition recognizes it as one of the eleven wholesome mental factors (ekādaśa-kuśala; 十一善).
The former text states that the difference between hrī and apatrāpya is that the former is dominated by one's own understanding of morality. The latter by contrast, is empowered by one's sense of embarrassment.
In the commentaries
editThe Pali Paṭṭhāna lists hiri among the twenty-five sobhana cetasikas or "beautiful mental factors."
Hiri often function in conjunction with apatrāpya (Pali: ottappa), or moral dread. These two are responsible for encouraging a person to avoid performing evil actions. Together they are known as lokapāla or "guardians of the world".
The Puggalapaññatti states:
- "To be ashamed of what one ought to be ashamed of, to be ashamed of performing evil and unwholesome things: this is called moral shame (hiri). To be in dread of what one ought to be in dread of, to be in dread of performing evil and unwholesome things: this is called moral dread (ottappa)."[7]
The goddess
editHirī or Hiridevī is the name of a goddess and one of Śakra's daughters. Her name is sometimes translated as "Honour".
She appears in several texts, including the Sudhābhojana Jātaka[8] and the Mañjarī Jātaka[9] of the Mahāvastu.
It is also the name of a yaksha that may be invoked in the Āṭānāṭiya Sutta.
Alternative Translations
edit- self-respect - Herbert Guenther, Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche, Rangjung Yeshe Wiki
- conscientiousness - Erik Pema Kunsang
- moral self-dignity - Alexander Berzin
- sense of shame - Rangjung Yeshe Wiki
- dignity
See also
edit- Apatrāpya – Buddhist term
- Mental factors (Buddhism) – Buddhist aspects of the mind
Notes
edit- ^ a b Guenther (1975), Kindle Locations 524-526.
- ^ Kunsang (2004), p. 24.
- ^ Bhikkhu Sujato. "18. Conscience". SuttaCentral. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
- ^ Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu. "2:3 Shame". dhammatalks.org. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
- ^ "The Seed Syllable hrīḥ". visiblemantra.org. Visible Mantra Press. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ^ Gyaltsen Rinpoche, Sherab (February 2018). "The Form of Compassion". /tricycle.org. Tricycle Magazine. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ^ "Hiri Ottappa; 2 Definition(s)". Wisdom Library. 6 June 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
- ^ H.T. Francis (1905). "The Jataka, Vol. V: No. 535.: Sudhābhojana-Jātaka". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
- ^ Jones, J. J. (1949). "Chapter IV - Mañjarī-jātaka". The Mahavastu. London: Luzac.
References
edit- Guenther, Herbert V. & Leslie S. Kawamura (1975), Mind in Buddhist Psychology: A Translation of Ye-shes rgyal-mtshan's "The Necklace of Clear Understanding". Dharma Publishing. Kindle Edition.
- Kunsang, Erik Pema (translator) (2004). Gateway to Knowledge, Vol. 1. North Atlantic Books.
External links
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