Sir Hughe Montgomery Knatchbull-Hugessen KCMG (26 March 1886 – 21 March 1971[1]) was a British diplomat, civil servant and author. He is best remembered as the diplomat whose secrets were stolen by his Kosovar Albanian valet and passed on to Nazi Germany.[2]
Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen | |
|---|---|
 Sir Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen (second from left), while British Ambassador to Turkey, next to Anthony Eden in April 1941. | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 26 March 1886 Chelsea, London, England |
| Died | 21 March 1971 (aged 84) Bridge, Kent, England |
| Known for | diplomat |
| Nickname | Snatch |
Background and education
editHe was the second son of Reverend Reginald Bridges Knatchbull-Hugessen, son of Sir Edward Knatchbull, 9th Baronet, and his second wife Rachel Mary, daughter of Admiral Sir Alexander Montgomery, 3rd Baronet.[3] At school, he was known as "Snatch"; the nickname stuck to him for the rest of his life.[4] Knatchbull-Hugessen was educated at Eton College and then at Balliol College, Oxford, where he befriended Anthony Eden and graduated BA in 1907.[5] A year later, he joined the Foreign Office.[6]
Career
edit
He soon obtained the chance of the paid post of an attaché and in October 1909 he went to Constantinople.[5] Returned to England, he served in the contraband department during the First World War and after its end in 1918, when the Foreign Service and the Diplomatic Service merged, Knatchbull-Hugessen became eligible for other postings.[5] Promoted to first secretary, he was attached to the British Delegation at the Versailles Conference in January 1919,[6] for which he was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1920 New Year Honours.[7] After a posting in The Hague, followed by Paris, he became counsellor at the country's embassy in Brussels in 1926, an office he held until 1930.[1] In 1931 Knatchbull-Hugessen was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Republics of Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia until 1934; he was stationed at Riga, Latvia.[8] Then he transferred to Tehran as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Persia.[6] He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 1936 New Year Honours[9] and was sent to China as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.[10]
In the summer of 1937, while travelling between Nanking and Shanghai in an embassy car, Knatchbull-Hugessen and his companions were machine-gunned by a Japanese fighter aircraft; he was the only one hit. After a two-hour drive to the nearest hospital he received emergency surgery. He was first hospitalised in Shanghai and then invalided home to Britain. A bullet had passed clean through him while another narrowly missed his spine; he narrowly escaped paralysis.[5] The incident, widely reported by newspapers worldwide, was a major diplomatic incident.[11] Having taken over a year to recover from his wound, Knatchbull-Hugessen was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Turkish Republic in 1939.[12]
During his time in Ankara, he competed for influence against the German ambassador Franz von Papen. From December 1942, Knatchbull-Hugessen was ordered to begin putting pressure to get Turkey into the Allied fold. Churchill suggested a meeting with the Turkish president İsmet İnönü and a conference was organised in Adana, held on a disused railway, in the Turkish presidential train.[13]
In 1943, Knatchbull-Hugessen oversaw secret talks with diplomats from the Hungarian Embassy who wanted to sign an armistice with Britain. On 9 September 1943, aboard a yacht in the Sea of Marmara, Knatchbull-Hugessen concluded a preliminary armistice agreement with László Veress, an official of the Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[14] Under the preliminary armistice terms Hungarian forces would surrender to British and American forces the moment they arrived in Hungary. The agreement was never put into effect because Hungary's borders were reached by Soviet troops first.[15]
From November 1943 to March 1944, his Kosovar Albanian chauffeur and valet, Elyesa Bazna, known under the cover name Cicero, regularly opened his mail and safe, selling any useful information to German High Command; one of the more damaging spying incidents of World War II.[16] Sir John Dashwood, the Foreign Office's security officer, would explain later how the valet took papers from Knatchbull-Hugessen's secret boxes "in the morning, when the ambassador was in the bathroom, and in the early afternoon when the ambassador went into the town to play the piano".[17]
Knatchbull-Hugessen's career somehow survived the scandal, in 1944, he became Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Belgium and additionally Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Luxembourg, he retired three years later in 1947 to his home near Canterbury.[18]
Family
editOn 16 July 1912, he married Mary Gordon-Gilmour (1890–1978), daughter of Brigadier-General Sir Robert Gilmour, 1st Baronet. They had three children: a son and two daughters:[19]
- Norton Reginald Knatchbull-Hugessen (14 Apr 1913-26 Mar 1941)
- Elisabeth Knatchbull-Hugessen (17 Mar 1915-15 Aug 1957), married 1939 her father's private secretary, Sir George Peregrine Young, who had saved her life during the 1937 shooting.[20] Their children include the Conservative politician, Sir George Young.
- Alethea Knatchbull-Hugessen (15 Mar 1918-24 Mar 2011) [21]
Works
edit- Diplomat in Peace and War (1949)
- Kentish Family (1960)
Popular culture
edit- 5 Fingers: A film based on the book written by the diplomatic attaché of Nazi Germany at the time, directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz in 1952. Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen was renamed Sir Frederic Taylor and played by Walter Hampden.[22]
- Operation Cicero: A Turkish film released in 2019, Tamer Levent plays Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen.[23]
Footnotes
edit- ^ a b "The Papers of Sir Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen". Archivesearch, Churchill Archives Centre.
- ^ The New York Times 1971.
- ^ Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1929). Armorial Families. Vol. II. London: Hurst & Blackett. p. 1110.
- ^ Jones, Thomas (4 April 2002). "Thomas Jones · Short Cuts: military intelligence · LRB 4 April 2002". London Review of Books.
- ^ a b c d Wires, Richard (1999). The Cicero spy affair: German access to British secrets in World War II. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-275-96456-6.
- ^ a b c Who Is Who 1963. London: Adam & Charles Black. 1963. p. 1745.
- ^ "No. 31712". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1919. p. 5.
- ^ "No. 33724". The London Gazette. 9 June 1931. p. 3758.
- ^ "No. 34238". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1935. p. 6.
- ^ "No. 34331". The London Gazette. 13 October 1936. p. 6536.
- ^ Lee, Bradford A. (1973). Britain and the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1939. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 0-8047-0799-5.
- ^ "No. 34607". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 March 1939. p. 1763.
- ^ Simmons, M. (2014). Agent Cicero: Hitler's Most Successful Spy. History Press. pp. 180–182. ISBN 978-0-7509-5729-8. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
- ^ Glatz, F.; Glatz, P.F.; Pok, A. (1995). Hungarians and Their Neighbors in Modern Times, 1867-1950. Atlantic studies on society in change. Social Science Monographs. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-88033-316-0.
- ^ Cornelius, Deborah (2011). Hungary in World War II: Caught in the Cauldron. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 258. ISBN 978-0823233441.
- ^ Sulzberger, C.L. (1985). World War II. American Heritage library. American Heritage. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-8281-0331-2.
- ^ "Mystery of Cicero's victim persists". the Guardian. 1 April 2005.
- ^ "No. 36811". The London Gazette. 24 November 1944. p. 5393.
- ^ "ThePeerage - Sir Hughe Montgomery Knatchbull-Hugessen". Retrieved 4 December 2006.
- ^ "Ambassador's daughter weds father's secretary who saved her when she was shot in China". British Pathe News. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
- ^ "Alethea Knatchbull-Hugessen". Ancestry.com. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
- ^ Erickson, H. (2017). Any Resemblance to Actual Persons: The Real People Behind 400+ Fictional Movie Characters. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-4766-6605-1.
- ^ Cicero on imdb
References
edit- "Sir Hughe Knatchbull‐Hugessen, 'Cicero' Spy Case Victim, Dead". The New York Times. 23 March 1971.
- Simmons, M. (2014). Agent Cicero: Hitler's Most Successful Spy. History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-5729-8.