The Mühlviertler Hasenjagd (lit. 'Mühlviertel rabbit hunt') was a war crime in which 500 Soviet officers, who had revolted and escaped from the Mühlviertel subcamp of Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp on 2 February 1945, were hunted down. Local civilians, soldiers and local Nazi organizations hunted down the escapees for three weeks, summarily executing most of them. Of the original 500 prisoners who took part in the escape attempt, eleven succeeded in remaining free until the end of the war. It was the largest escape in the history of the Nazi concentration camps.[2]
| Mühlviertler Hasenjagd | |
|---|---|
 Block 20 after the escape | |
  Mühlviertel | |
| Also known as | Mühlviertel rabbit chase |
| Location | Mühlviertel, Upper Austria 48°25′N 14°25′E / 48.417°N 14.417°E |
| Date | February 1945 |
| Incident type | Massacre |
| Perpetrators | SS-Totenkopfverbände, Sturmabteilung (SA), Volkssturm, Landswacht, gendarmerie, Hitler Youth, Austrian civilians[1] |
| Camp | Mühlviertel subcamp of Mauthausen-Gusen |
| Victims | More than 489 Soviet officer POWs |
| Survivors | 11 |
| Memorials | Ried in der Riedmark |
Background
editOn 2 March 1944, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel issued a decree (Aktion Kugel—"Operation Bullet") stating that escaped Soviet officers were to be taken to Mauthausen concentration camp and shot. Pursuant to this order 5,700 Soviet officers were apprehended and deported to Mauthausen.[3] Some were shot immediately, and others imprisoned in Block 20, which was separated from the rest of the camp by a fence 2.5 meters high, on top of which was barbed wire. Along the perimeter there were three towers with machine guns. Prisoners of this block were not registered in the camp records and received a quarter of the food of other prisoners.[4] The block was never heated, and lacked windows and bunks.[citation needed] In the winter, before the prisoners were driven inside, the SS hosed the floor with water and forced prisoners to lie down and allow the SS men to walk on them to avoid getting their boots dirty. Soviet POWs imprisoned in the barracks were forced to spend all day doing "exercise" – non-stop running around the block or crawling.[4] Prisoners referred to it as the "death barracks" (German: Todesblock).[5]
The maximum population at any one time was around 1,800, but 10 to 20 people died each day.[4] By the end of January, about 570 prisoners remained alive.[6]
Escape
editIn the night hours of February 2, 1945, some 500 prisoners from Block 20 made a mass escape.[5] Using fire extinguishers from the barracks and blankets and boards as projectiles, one group attacked and occupied a watch tower while a second group used wet blankets and bits of clothing to cause a short circuit in the electrified fence. The prisoners then climbed over the fence.[7][8]
Of those 500, 419 prisoners did manage to leave the camp grounds[9] but many escapees were already too weakened from starvation to reach the woods and collapsed in the snow outside the camp, where they were shot that night by SS machine guns. All who failed to reach the woods, and another 75 prisoners in the barracks who had remained behind because they were too sick to follow, were executed that night. Over 300 prisoners reached the woods on the first night.[9][10]
Pursuit
edit
The SS camp commandant immediately called a major search, asking help from the local population. In addition to pursuit by the SS, the escapees were hunted down by SA detachments, the Gendarmerie, the Wehrmacht, the Volkssturm and the Hitler Youth. Local citizens were also incited to take part. The SS camp commandant ordered the Gendarmerie "not to bring anyone back alive".[7] No one was forced to participate in the manhunt as they did so willingly.[8]
The majority of the escapees were apprehended and most were shot or beaten to death on the spot. Some 40 murdered prisoners' bodies were taken to Ried in der Riedmark, where the search was based, and stacked in a pile of corpses, "just like the bag at an autumn hunt", as one former gendarme, Otto Gabriel, put it.[7][10] Members of the Volkssturm who brought prisoners back to Mauthausen were berated for not having beaten them to death instead. Of the 300 who did survive the escape that first night, 57 were returned to the camp.[10]
The Linz criminal investigations department later reported to the Reichssicherheitshauptamt, "Of the 419 fugitives [who managed to leave the camp] [...], in and around Mauthausen, Gallneukirchen, Wartberg, Pregarten, Schwertberg and Perg, over 300 were taken again, including 57 alive."[5][9] According to a witness, Gauleiter August Eigruber, whose orders the SS, SA, and Volkssturm were following, told commandant Franz Ziereis that "All these pigs will have to be finished," in reference to the recaptured prisoners.[11]
Just 11 officers are known to have survived the manhunt till the end of World War II. In spite of the extremely high risk, a few farm families and civilian forced laborers hid escapees or brought food to those hiding in the woods.[7] After three months, the war ended and the fugitives were safe.
Legacy
edit
August Eigruber, who, along with some of his codefendants, was implicated in the crime and numerous other atrocities, and tried by an American military court at the Mauthausen-Gusen camp trials. Eigruber was sentenced to death by hanging, and executed at Landsberg Prison on May 28, 1947.[11]
Hugo Tacha, a Wehrmacht soldier at home on leave at the time of the breakout, was convicted for his role in the crime and sentenced to 20 years in jail by an Austrian court.[4]
A memorial to the Mühlviertler Hasenjagd was unveiled in Ried an der Riedmark on May 5, 2001, 56 years after the liberation of Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. The monument was erected at the initiative of the Ried Socialist Youth.[12] The three-metre-tall (9.8 ft) granite boulder was donated by the Mauthausen Committee. The monument's face is engraved with 489 hash marks representing those murdered during the course of the escape attempt; the exact number of victims is unknown.[13] In conjunction with the commemoration of the anniversary of the camp's liberation, the Socialist Youth of Austria and Socialist Youth of Germany held a program at the new monument for the Mühlviertler Hasenjagd. Attending were three surviving former Soviet prisoners from Mauthausen, Prof. Tigran Drambyan, Roman Bulkatch and Nikolai Markevitch.[13]
The events of the Mühlviertel massacre gained prominence with the 1994 film The Quality of Mercy by director Andreas Gruber, and was a box office success in Austria. The film received a lukewarm review from Variety.[14] While he was making the film, Gruber invited Bernard Bamberger to make a behind-the-scenes documentary about the film and compare the movie with the actual events. Aktion K juxtaposes interviews with local residents about the film and the actual history with archival footage and the eyewitness testimony of Mikhail Ribchinsky, a survivor of the Mühlviertler Hasenjagd.[15][16] Bamberger was awarded the "Austrian People's Education TV" award for "Best Documentary" in 1995.[17]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Memorial "Mühlviertel Manhunt" – working group "Mühlviertel Manhun ... - National Fund of the Republic of Austria for Victims of National Socialism". www.nationalfonds.org. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ Wachsmann 2015, p. 569.
- ^ Horwitz 1991, pp. 124–125.
- ^ a b c d Lutteroth, Johanna (2 February 2015). "Mauthausen-Ausbruch: "Sind beim Antreffen sofort umzulegen"". Spiegel Online (in German). Retrieved 17 August 2018.
- ^ a b c Gusenbauer, Ernst (1992). "'Was man erwischt, wird kalt erschossen': Ried in der Riedmark und die Mühlviertler Hasenjagd 2. Februar 1945" ['Whatever you catch gets shot in cold blood': Ried in der Riedmark and the Mühlviertel hare hunt February 2, 1945] (PDF). Oberösterreichicher Heimatblätter (in German). p. 263-267. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
- ^ "Russian do not surrender" Archived 2015-02-08 at the Wayback Machine ответы на незаданные вопросы
- ^ a b c d "'Mühlviertel Hare Hunt'". Mauthausen Memorial. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
- ^ a b "Mauthausen Concentration Camp - Commemoration and Reflection". City of Vienna, official website. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- ^ a b c Alphons Matt, Einer aus dem Dunkel, (1988) p. 75 (in German)
- ^ a b c "Memorial 'Mühlviertler Hasenjagd'" Retrieved May 7, 2010
- ^ a b "Review and Recommendations of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes" (PDF). United States of America v. Hans Altfuldisch et al. - Case No. 000.50.5. 30 April 1947. pp. 29–30.
- ^ "Exposure of a memorial statue for the "Mühlviertler Hasenjagd" in Ried" Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine Österreichischer Rundfunk online archive for May 5, 2001. Retrieved May 10, 2010
- ^ a b Schatz, Sabine. "Mahnmal für die Opfer der 'Mühlviertler Hasenjagd' errichtet!" [Memorial for the Victims of the 'Mühlviertler Hasenjagd' Created]. sj-ried.at (in German). Archived from the original on 2011-07-06.
- ^ Lydon, Joe (October 17, 1994). "The Quality of Mercy". Variety. Archived from the original on 2023-05-10. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
- ^ Meils, Cathy (November 7, 1994). "Aktion K". Variety. Archived from the original on 2023-05-10. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
- ^ Aktion K at IMDb
- ^ "Austrian People's Education TV Award" The Internet Movie Database (June 28, 1995) Retrieved May 10, 2010
Sources
edit- DeMeritt, Linda C. (1999). "Representations of History: The "Mühlviertler Hasenjagd" as Word and Image". Modern Austrian Literature. 32 (4): 135–145. ISSN 0026-7503. JSTOR 24648890.
- Horwitz, Gordon J (1991). In the shadow of death: living outside the gates of Mauthausen. London and New York: Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-339-2.
- Kaltenbrunner, Matthias (2011). K-Häftlinge im KZ-Mauthausen und die 'Mühlviertler Hasenjagd' (Hochschulschrift thesis) (in German). University of Vienna. doi:10.25365/thesis.15077.
- Matt, Alphons (1988). Einer aus dem Dunkel: die Befreiung des Konzentrationslagers Mauthausen durch den Bankbeamten H. (in German). Zürich: SV international/Schweizer Verlagshaus. ISBN 978-3-7263-6574-5.
- Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2015). KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-374-11825-9.
Further reading
edit- Kaltenbrunner, Matthias (2012). Flucht aus dem Todesblock: der Massenausbruch sowjetischer Offiziere aus dem Block 20 des KZ Mauthausen und die "Mühlviertler Hasenjagd: Hintergründe, Folgen, Aufarbeitung. Nationalsozialismus und seine Folgen (in German). Vol. 5. Innsbruck: Studien Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7065-5175-5.
- Thomas Karny, Die Hatz : Bilder zur Mühlviertler "Hasenjagd", Verlag Franz Steinmaßl, Grünbach, Austria (1992) Geschichte der Heimat Edition. ISBN 3-900943-12-5 (in German)
- Walter Kohl, Auch auf dich wartet eine Mutter. Die Familie Langthaler inmitten der "Mühlviertler Hasenjagd", Verlag Franz Steinmaßl, Grünbach, Austria (2005) Geschichte der Heimat Edition. ISBN 3-902427-24-8 (in German)
External links
edit- Ausschnitte aus der Dokumentation der Gedenkstätte KZ Mauthausen (PDF) Eyewitness reports and citations from original documents. (330 kB) (in German)
- Hasenjagd Movie website (in German)