Wikipedia

Intimate relationship

(Redirected from Human intimacy)

An intimate relationship is an interpersonal relationship that involves emotional or physical closeness between people and may include sexual intimacy and feelings of romance or love.[1] Intimate relationships are interdependent, and the members of the relationship mutually influence each other.[2] The quality and nature of the relationship depends on the interactions between individuals, and is derived from the unique context and history that builds between people over time.[3] Social and legal institutions such as marriage acknowledge and uphold intimate relationships between people. However, intimate relationships are not necessarily monogamous or sexual, and there is wide social and cultural variability in the norms and practices of intimacy between people.

A young couple sits on a bench. The woman is lying down with her head resting on the man's lap.
Intimate relationships involve emotional or physical closeness.
"Intimacy" redirects here. For other uses, see Intimacy (disambiguation).
"Sexual relationship" redirects here. For sexual relationships between non-human animals, see Mating system.

The course of an intimate relationship includes a formation period prompted by interpersonal attraction and a growing sense of closeness and familiarity. Intimate relationships evolve over time as they are maintained, and members of the relationship may become more invested in and committed to the relationship. Healthy intimate relationships are beneficial for psychological and physical well-being and contribute to overall happiness in life.[4] However, challenges including relationship conflict, external stressors, insecurity, and jealousy can disrupt the relationship and lead to distress and relationship dissolution.

Intimacy

edit

Intimacy is the feeling of being in close, personal association with another person.[5] Emotional intimacy is built through self-disclosure and responsive communication between people,[6] and is critical for healthy psychological development and mental health.[7] Emotional intimacy produces feelings of reciprocal trust, validation, vulnerability, and closeness between individuals.[8]

Physical intimacy—including holding hands, hugging, kissing, and sex—promotes connection between people and is often a key component of romantic intimate relationships.[9] Physical touch is correlated with relationship satisfaction[10] and feelings of love.[11] While many intimate relationships include a physical or sexual component, the potential to be sexual is not a requirement for the relationship to be intimate. For example, a queerplatonic relationship is a non-romantic intimate relationship that involves commitment and closeness beyond that of a friendship.[12]

Among scholars, the definition of an intimate relationship is diverse and evolving. Some reserve the term for romantic relationships,[13][14] whereas other scholars include friendship and familial relationships.[15] In general, an intimate relationship is an interpersonal relationship in which physically or emotionally intimate experiences occur repeatedly over time.[16]

Course of intimate relationships

edit
 
Factors influencing Interpersonal attraction

Formation

edit

Attraction

edit

Interpersonal attraction is the foundation of first impressions between potential intimate partners. Relationship scientists suggest that the romantic spark, or "chemistry", that occurs between people is a combination of physical attraction, personal qualities, and a build-up of positive interactions between people.[17] Researchers find physical attractiveness to be the largest predictor of initial attraction.[18] From an evolutionary perspective, this may be because people search for a partner (or potential mate) who displays indicators of good physical health.[19] Yet, there is also evidence that couples in committed intimate relationships tend to match each other in physical attractiveness, and are rated as similarly physically attractive by both the members of the couple and by outside observers.[20][14] An individual's perception of their own attractiveness may therefore influence who they see as a realistic partner.[14]

Beyond physical appearance, people report desirable qualities they look for in a partner such as trustworthiness, warmth, and loyalty.[21] However, these romantic ideals are not necessarily good predictors of actual attraction or relationship success. Research has found little evidence for the success of matching potential partners based on personality traits, suggesting that romantic chemistry involves more than compatibility of traits.[22] Rather, repeated positive interactions between people and reciprocity of romantic interest seem to be key components in attraction and relationship formation. Reciprocal liking is most meaningful when it is displayed by someone who is selective about who they show liking to.[23]

Initiation strategies

edit

When potential intimate partners are getting to know each other, they employ a variety of strategies to increase closeness and gain information about whether the other person is a desirable partner. Self-disclosure, the process of revealing information about oneself, is a crucial aspect of building intimacy between people.[24] Feelings of intimacy increase when a conversation partner is perceived as responsive and reciprocates self-disclosure, and people tend to like others who disclose emotional information to them.[25] Other strategies used in the relationship formation stage include humor, initiating physical touch, and signaling availability and interest through eye contact, flirtatious body language, or playful interactions.[26][27] Engaging in dating, courtship, or hookup culture as part of the relationship formation period allows individuals to explore different interpersonal connections before further investing in an intimate relationship.[28]

Context

edit
 
The internet has become a popular avenue for meeting an intimate partner.

Context, timing, and external circumstances influence attraction and whether an individual is receptive to beginning an intimate relationship. Individuals vary across the lifespan in feeling ready for a relationship, and other external pressures including family expectations, peers being in committed relationships, and cultural norms influence when people decide to pursue an intimate relationship.[29]

Being in close physical proximity is a powerful facilitator for formation of relationships because it allows people to get to know each other through repeated interactions. Intimate partners commonly meet at college or school, as coworkers, as neighbors, at bars, or through religious community.[30] Speed dating, matchmakers, and online dating services are more structured formats used to begin relationships. The internet in particular has significantly changed how intimate relationships begin as it allows people to access potential partners beyond their immediate proximity.[31][32] In 2023, Pew Research Center found that 53% of people under 30 have used online dating, and one in ten adults in a committed relationship met their partner online.[33] However, there remains skepticism about the effectiveness and safety of dating apps due to their potential to facilitate dating violence.[33]

Maintenance

edit

Once an intimate relationship has been initiated, the relationship changes and develops over time, and the members may engage in commitment agreements and maintenance behaviors. In an ongoing relationship, couples must navigate protecting their own self-interest alongside the interest of maintaining the relationship.[34] This necessitates compromise, sacrifice, and communication.[35] In general, feelings of intimacy and commitment increase as a relationship progresses, while passion plateaus following the excitement of the early stages of the relationship.[36]

Engaging in ongoing positive shared communication and activities is important for strengthening the relationship and increasing commitment and liking between partners. These maintenance behaviors can include providing assurances about commitment to the relationship, engaging in shared activities, openly disclosing thoughts and feelings, spending time with mutual friends, and contributing to shared responsibilities.[37][38] Physical intimacy including sexual behavior also increases feelings of closeness and satisfaction with the relationship.[39] However, sexual desire is often greatest early in a relationship, and may wax and wane as the relationship evolves.[40] Significant life events such as the birth of a child can drastically change the relationship and necessitate adaptation and new approaches to maintaining intimacy. The transition to parenthood can be a stressful period that is generally associated with a temporary decrease in healthy relationship functioning and a decline in sexual intimacy.[41][42]

Commitment

edit
 
Marriage is a form of relationship maintenance that signals commitment between partners.

As a relationship develops, intimate partners often engage in commitment agreements, ceremonies, and behaviors to signal their intention to remain in the relationship.[43] This might include moving in together, sharing responsibilities or property, and getting married. These commitment markers increase relationship stability because they create physical, financial, and symbolic barriers and consequences to dissolving the relationship.[44] In general, increases in relationship satisfaction and investment are associated with increased commitment.[45]

Evaluating the relationship

edit

Individuals in intimate relationships evaluate the relative personal benefits and costs of being in the relationship, and this contributes to the decision to stay or leave. The investment model of commitment is a theoretical framework that suggests that an evaluation of relationship satisfaction, relationship investment, and the quality of alternatives to the relationship impact whether an individual remains in a relationship.[34]

Because relationships are rewarding and evolutionarily necessary, and rejection is a stressful process, people are generally biased toward making decisions that uphold and further facilitate intimate relationships.[46] These biases can lead to distortions in the evaluation of a relationship. For instance, people in committed relationships tend to dismiss and derogate attractive alternative partners, thereby validating the decision to remain with their more attractive partner.[47]

Dissolution

edit

The decision to leave a relationship often involves an evaluation of levels of satisfaction and commitment in the relationship.[48] Relationship factors such as increased commitment and feelings of love are associated with lower chances of breakup, whereas feeling ambivalent about the relationship and perceiving many alternatives to the current relationship are associated with increased chances of dissolution.[49]

Predictors of dissolution

edit

Specific individual characteristics and traits put people at greater risk for experiencing relationship dissolution. Individuals high in neuroticism (the tendency to experience negative emotions) are more prone to relationship dissolution,[50] and research also shows small effects of attachment avoidance and anxiety in predicting breakup.[49] Being married at a younger age, having lower income, lower educational attainment, and cohabiting before marriage are also associated with risk of divorce and relationship dissolution. These characteristics are not necessarily the inherent causes of dissolution. Rather, they are traits that impact the resources that individuals are able to draw upon to work on their relationships as well as reflections of social and cultural attitudes toward relationship institutions and divorce.[51]

Strategies and consequences

edit

Common strategies for ending a relationship include justifying the decision, apologizing, avoiding contact (ghosting), or suggesting a "break" period before revisiting the decision.[50] The dissolution of an intimate relationship is a stressful event that can have a negative impact on well-being, and the rejection can elicit strong feelings of embarrassment, sadness, and anger.[52] Following a relationship breakup, individuals are at risk for anxiety, depressive symptoms, problematic substance use, and low self-esteem.[53][54] However, the period following a break-up can also promote personal growth, particularly if the previous relationship was not fulfilling.[55]

Benefits

edit

Psychological well-being

edit
 
Intimate relationships impact well-being.

Intimate relationships impact happiness and satisfaction with life.[56] While people with better mental health are more likely to enter intimate relationships, the relationships themselves also have a positive impact on mental health even after controlling for the selection effect.[57] In general, marriage and other types of committed intimate relationships are consistently linked to increases in happiness.[58] Furthermore, due to the interdependent nature of relationships, one partner's life satisfaction influences and predicts change in the other person's life satisfaction even after controlling for relationship quality.[59]

Social support

edit

Social support from an intimate partner is beneficial for coping with stress and significant life events.[60] Having a close relationship with someone who is perceived as responsive and validating helps to alleviate the negative impact of stress,[61] and shared activities with an intimate partner aids in regulating emotions associated with stressful experiences.[62] Support for positive experiences can also improve relationship quality and increase shared positive emotions between people. When a person responds actively and constructively to their partner sharing good news (a process called "capitalization"), well-being for both individuals increases.[63][64]

Sexual intimacy

edit

In intimate relationships that are sexual, sexual satisfaction is closely tied to overall relationship satisfaction.[65] Sex promotes intimacy, increases happiness,[66] provides pleasure, and reduces stress.[67][68] Studies show that couples who have sex at least once per week report greater well-being than those who have sex less than once per week.[69] Research in human sexuality finds that the ingredients of high quality sex include feeling connected to your partner, good communication, vulnerability, and feeling present in the moment. High quality sex in intimate relationships can both strengthen the relationship and improve well-being for each individual involved.[70]

Physical health

edit

High quality intimate relationships have a positive impact on physical health,[71] and associations between close relationships and health outcomes involving the cardiovascular, immune, and endocrine systems have been consistently identified in the scientific literature.[72] Better relationship quality is associated lower risk of mortality[73] and relationship quality impacts inflammatory responses such as cytokine expression and intracellular signaling.[74][75] Furthermore, intimate partners are an important source of social support for encouraging healthy behaviors such as increasing physical activity[76] and quitting smoking.[77] Sexual activity and other forms of physical intimacy also contribute positively to physical health,[78] while conflict between intimate partners negatively impacts the immune and endocrine systems and can increase blood pressure.[72]

Laboratory experiments show evidence for the association between support from intimate partners and physical health. In a study assessing recovery from wounds and inflammation, individuals in relationships high in conflict and hostility recovered from wounds more slowly than people in low-hostility relationships.[79] The presence or imagined presence of an intimate partner can even impact perceived pain. In fMRI studies, participants who view an image of their intimate partner report less pain in response to a stimulus compared to participants who view the photo of a stranger.[80][81] In another laboratory study, women who received a text message from their partner showed reduced cardiovascular response to the Trier Social Stress Test, a stress-inducing paradigm.[82]

Challenges

edit

Conflict

edit

Disagreements within intimate relationships are a stressful event,[83] and the strategies couples use to navigate conflict impact the quality and success of the relationship.[84] Common sources of conflict between intimate partners include disagreements about the balance of work and family life, frequency of sex, finances, and household tasks.[85] Psychologist John Gottman's research has identified three stages of conflict in couples. First, couples present their opinions and feelings on the issue. Next, they argue and attempt to persuade the other of their viewpoint, and finally, the members of the relationship negotiate to try to arrive at a compromise.[86]

Individuals vary in how they typically engage with conflict.[86] Gottman describes that happy couples differ from unhappy couples in their interactions during conflict: unhappy couples tend to use more frequent negative tone of voice, show more predictable behavior during communication, and get stuck in cycles of negative behavior with their partner.[87][14] Other unproductive strategies within conflict include avoidance and withdrawal, defensiveness, and hostility.[88] These responses may be salient when an individual feels threatened by the conflict, which can be a reflection of insecure attachment orientation and previous negative relationship experiences.[83] When conflicts go unresolved, relationship satisfaction is negatively impacted.[89] Constructive conflict resolution strategies include validating the other person's point of view and concerns, expressing affection, using humor, and active listening. However, the effectiveness of these strategies depend on the topic and severity of the conflict and the characteristics of the individuals involved.[84] Repeated stressful instances of unresolved conflict might cause intimate partners to seek couples counseling, consult self-help resources, or consider ending the relationship.[90]

Attachment insecurity

edit

Attachment orientations that develop from early interpersonal relationships can influence how people behave in intimate relationships, and insecure attachment can lead to specific issues in a relationship. Individuals vary in attachment anxiety (the degree to which they worry about abandonment) and avoidance (the degree to which they avoid emotional closeness).[91] Research shows that insecure attachment orientations that are high in avoidance or anxiety are associated with experiencing more frequent negative emotions in intimate relationships.[92]

Individuals high in attachment anxiety are particularly prone to jealousy and experience heightened distress about whether their partner will leave them.[93] Highly anxious individuals also perceive more conflict in their relationships and are disproportionately negatively affected by those conflicts.[94] In contrast, avoidantly attached individuals may experience fear of intimacy or be dismissive of the potential benefits of a close relationship and thus have difficulty building an intimate connection with a partner.[95]

Stress

edit

Stress that occurs both within and outside an intimate relationship—including financial issues, familial obligations, and stress at work—can negatively impact the quality of the relationship.[96] Stress depletes the psychological resources that are crucial for developing and maintaining a healthy relationship. Rather than spending energy investing in the relationship through shared activities, sex and physical intimacy, and healthy communication, couples under stress are forced to use their psychological resources to manage other pressing issues.[97] Low socioeconomic status is a particularly salient stressful context that constrains an individual's ability to invest in maintaining a healthy intimate relationship. Couples with lower socioeconomic status are at risk for experiencing increased rates of dissolution and lower relationship satisfaction.[98]

Infidelity

edit

Infidelity and sex outside a monogamous relationship are behaviors that are commonly disapproved of, a frequent source of conflict, and a cause of relationship dissolution.[99] Low relationship satisfaction may cause people to desire physical or emotional connection outside their primary relationship.[99] However, people with more sexual opportunities, greater interest in sex, and more permissive attitudes toward sex are also more likely to engage in infidelity.[100] In the United States, research has found that between 15 and 25% of adults report ever cheating on a partner.[101]

When one member of a relationship violates agreements of sexual or emotional exclusivity, the foundation of trust in the primary relationship is negatively impacted, and individuals may experience depression, low self-esteem, and emotional dysregulation in the aftermath of an affair.[102] Infidelity is ultimately tied to increased likelihood of relationship dissolution or divorce.[101]

Intimate partner violence

edit

Violence within an intimate relationship can take the form of physical, psychological, financial, or sexual abuse. The World Health Organization estimates that 30% of women have experienced physical or sexual violence perpetrated by an intimate partner.[103] The strong emotional attachment, investment, and interdependence that characterizes close relationships can make it difficult to leave an abusive relationship.[104]

Research has identified a variety of risk factors for and types of perpetrators of intimate partner violence. Individuals who are exposed to violence or experience abuse in childhood are more likely to become perpetrators or victims of intimate partner violence as adults as part of the intergenerational cycle of violence.[105] Perpetrators are also more likely to be aggressive, impulsive, prone to anger, and may show pathological personality traits such as antisocial and borderline traits.[106] Patriarchal cultural scripts that depict men as aggressive and dominant may be an additional risk factor for men engaging in violence toward an intimate partner,[107] although violence by female perpetrators is also a well-documented phenomenon[108] and research finds other contextual and demographic characteristics to be more salient risks factors.[109] Contextual factors such as high levels of stress can also contribute to risk of violence. Within the relationship, high levels of conflict and disagreements are associated with intimate partner violence, particularly for people who react to conflict with hostility.[110]

Social and cultural variability

edit

Culture

edit

Cultural context has influence in many domains within intimate relationships including norms in communication, expression of affection, commitment and marriage practices, and gender roles.[111] For example, cross-cultural research finds that individuals in China prefer indirect and implicit communication with their romantic partner, whereas European Americans report preferring direct communication. The use of a culturally appropriate communication style influences anticipated relationship satisfaction.[112] Culture can also impact expectations within a relationship and the relative importance of various relationship-centered values such as emotional closeness, equity, status, and autonomy.[113]

While love has been identified as a universal human emotion,[114] the ways love is expressed and its importance in intimate relationships vary based on the culture within which a relationship takes place. Culture is especially salient in structuring beliefs about institutions that recognize intimate relationships such as marriage. The idea that love is necessary for marriage is a strongly held belief in the United States,[115] whereas in India, a distinction is made between traditional arranged marriages and "love marriages" (also called personal choice marriages).[116]

LGBTQ+ intimacy

edit

Same-sex intimate relationships

edit

Advances in legal relationship recognition for same-sex couples have helped normalize and legitimize same-sex intimacy.[117] Broadly, same-sex and different-sex intimate relationships do not differ significantly, and couples report similar levels of relationship satisfaction and stability.[118] However, research supports a few common differences between same-sex and different-sex intimacy. In the relationship formation period, the boundaries between friendship and romantic intimacy may be more nuanced and complex among sexual minorities.[119] For instance, many lesbian women report that their romantic relationships developed from an existing friendship.[120] Certain relationship maintenance practices also differ. While heterosexual relationships might rely on traditional gender roles to divide labor and decision-making power, same-sex couples are more likely to divide housework evenly.[118] Lesbian couples report lower frequency of sex compared to heterosexual couples, and gay men are more likely to engage in non-monogamy.[121]

Same-sex relationships face unique challenges with regards to stigma, discrimination, and social support. As couples cope with these obstacles, relationship quality can be negatively affected.[122] Unsupportive policy environments such as same-sex marriage bans have a negative impact on well-being,[123] while being out as a couple and living in a place with legal same-sex relationship recognition have a positive impact on individual and couple well-being.[124]

Asexuality

edit

Some asexual people engage in intimate relationships that are solely emotionally intimate, but other asexual people's relationships involve sex as part of negotiations with non-asexual partners.[125][126] A 2019 study of sexual minority individuals in the United States found that while asexual individuals were less likely to have recently had sex, they did not differ from non-asexual participants in rates of being in an intimate relationship.[127] Asexual individuals face stigma and the pathologization of their sexual orientation,[128] and report difficulty navigating assumptions about sexuality in the dating scene.[126] Various terms including "queerplatonic relationship" and "squish" (a non-sexual crush) have been used by the asexual community to describe non-sexual intimate relationships and desires.[129]

Non-monogamy

edit

Non-monogamy, including polyamory, open relationships, and swinging, is the practice of engaging in intimate relationships that are not strictly monogamous, or consensually engaging in multiple physically or emotionally intimate relationships. The degree of emotional and physical intimacy between different partners can vary. For example, swinging relationships are primarily sexual, whereas people in polyamorous relationships might engage in both emotional and physical intimacy with multiple partners.[130] Individuals in consensually non-monogamous intimate relationships identify several benefits to their relationship configuration including having their needs met by multiple partners, engaging in a greater variety of shared activities with partners, and feelings of autonomy and personal growth.[131]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Wong, D.W.; Hall, K.R.; Justice, C.A.; Wong, L. (2014). Counseling Individuals Through the Lifespan. SAGE Publications. p. 326. ISBN 978-1-4833-2203-2. Intimacy: As an intimate relationship is an interpersonal relationship that involves physical or emotional intimacy. Physical intimacy is characterized by romantic or passionate attachment or sexual activity.
  2. ^ Rusbult, Caryl E. (2003), Fletcher, Garth J. O.; Clark, Margaret S. (eds.), "Interdependence in Close Relationships", Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 357–387, doi:10.1002/9780470998557.ch14, ISBN 978-0-631-21228-7, retrieved 30 October 2023
  3. ^ Finkel, Eli J.; Simpson, Jeffry A.; Eastwick, Paul W. (3 January 2017). "The Psychology of Close Relationships: Fourteen Core Principles". Annual Review of Psychology. 68 (1): 383–411. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044038. ISSN 0066-4308. PMID 27618945. S2CID 207567096.
  4. ^ Proulx, Christine M.; Helms, Heather M.; Buehler, Cheryl (2007). "Marital Quality and Personal Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis". Journal of Marriage and Family. 69 (3): 576–593. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00393.x. ISSN 0022-2445.
  5. ^ Mashek, D.J.; Aron, A. (2004). Handbook of Closeness and Intimacy. Psychology Press. pp. 1–6. ISBN 978-1-135-63240-3.
  6. ^ Forest, Amanda L.; Sigler, Kirby N.; Bain, Kaitlin S.; O'Brien, Emily R.; Wood, Joanne V. (1 August 2023). "Self-esteem's impacts on intimacy-building: Pathways through self-disclosure and responsiveness". Current Opinion in Psychology. 52: 101596. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101596. ISSN 2352-250X. PMID 37348388. S2CID 258928012.
  7. ^ Gaia, A. Celeste (2002). "Understanding Emotional Intimacy: A Review of Conceptualization, Assessment and the Role of Gender". International Social Science Review. 77 (3/4): 151–170. ISSN 0278-2308. JSTOR 41887101.
  8. ^ Timmerman, Gayle M. (1991). "A concept analysis of intimacy". Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 12 (1): 19–30. doi:10.3109/01612849109058207. ISSN 0161-2840. PMID 1988378.
  9. ^ "The Power of Touch: Physical Affection is Important in Relationships, but Some People Need More Than Others – Kinsey Institute Research & Institute News". blogs.iu.edu. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  10. ^ Gallace, Alberto; Spence, Charles (1 February 2010). "The science of interpersonal touch: An overview". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. Touch, Temperature, Pain/Itch and Pleasure. 34 (2): 246–259. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.10.004. ISSN 0149-7634. PMID 18992276. S2CID 1092688.
  11. ^ Sorokowska, Agnieszka; Kowal, Marta; Saluja, Supreet; Aavik, Toivo; Alm, Charlotte; Anjum, Afifa; Asao, Kelly; Batres, Carlota; Bensafia, Aicha; Bizumic, Boris; Boussena, Mahmoud; Buss, David M.; Butovskaya, Marina; Can, Seda; Carrier, Antonin (2023). "Love and affectionate touch toward romantic partners all over the world". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 5497. Bibcode:2023NatSR..13.5497S. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31502-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10073073. PMID 37015974.
  12. ^ "Queerplatonic Relationships: A New Term for an Old Custom | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  13. ^ Miller, Rowland (2022). Intimate Relationships (9th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-1-260-80426-3.
  14. ^ a b c d Bradbury, Thomas N.; Karney, Benjamin R. (1 July 2019). Intimate Relationships (3rd ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-64025-0.
  15. ^ McCarthy, Jane Ribbens; Doolittle, Megan; Sclater, Shelley Day (2012). Understanding Family Meanings: A Reflective Text. Policy Press. pp. 267–268. ISBN 978-1-4473-0112-7.
  16. ^ Gaia, A. Celeste (2002). "Understanding Emotional Intimacy: A Review of Conceptualization, Assessment and the Role of Gender". International Social Science Review. 77 (3/4): 151–170. ISSN 0278-2308. JSTOR 41887101.
  17. ^ Eastwick, Paul W.; Finkel, Eli J.; Joel, Samantha (2023). "Mate evaluation theory". Psychological Review. 130 (1): 211–241. doi:10.1037/rev0000360. ISSN 1939-1471. PMID 35389716. S2CID 248024402.
  18. ^ Eastwick, Paul W.; Luchies, Laura B.; Finkel, Eli J.; Hunt, Lucy L. (2014). "The predictive validity of ideal partner preferences: A review and meta-analysis". Psychological Bulletin. 140 (3): 623–665. doi:10.1037/a0032432. ISSN 1939-1455. PMID 23586697.
  19. ^ Graziano, William G.; Bruce, Jennifer Weisho, "Attraction and the Initiation of Relationships: A Review of the Empirical Literature", Handbook of Relationship Initiation, Psychology Press, pp. 275–301, 5 September 2018, doi:10.4324/9780429020513-24, ISBN 978-0-429-02051-3, S2CID 210531741, retrieved 1 November 2023
  20. ^ Feingold, Alan (1988). "Matching for attractiveness in romantic partners and same-sex friends: A meta-analysis and theoretical critique". Psychological Bulletin. 104 (2): 226–235. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.104.2.226. ISSN 1939-1455.
  21. ^ Campbell, Lorne; Fletcher, Garth JO (2015). "Romantic relationships, ideal standards, and mate selection". Current Opinion in Psychology. Relationship science. 1: 97–100. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.007. ISSN 2352-250X.
  22. ^ Eastwick, Paul W; Joel, Samantha; Carswell, Kathleen L; Molden, Daniel C; Finkel, Eli J; Blozis, Shelley A (2023). "Predicting romantic interest during early relationship development: A preregistered investigation using machine learning". European Journal of Personality. 37 (3): 276–312. doi:10.1177/08902070221085877. ISSN 0890-2070. S2CID 241096185.
  23. ^ Eastwick, Paul W.; Finkel, Eli J.; Mochon, Daniel; Ariely, Dan (2007). "Selective Versus Unselective Romantic Desire: Not All Reciprocity Is Created Equal". Psychological Science. 18 (4): 317–319. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01897.x. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 17470256. S2CID 2843605.
  24. ^ Collins, Nancy L.; Miller, Lynn Carol (1994). "Self-disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review". Psychological Bulletin. 116 (3): 457–475. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.457. ISSN 1939-1455. PMID 7809308. S2CID 13919881.
  25. ^ Laurenceau, Jean-Philippe; Barrett, Lisa Feldman; Pietromonaco, Paula R. (1998). "Intimacy as an interpersonal process: The importance of self-disclosure, partner disclosure, and perceived partner responsiveness in interpersonal exchanges". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 74 (5): 1238–1251. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1238. ISSN 0022-3514. PMID 9599440. S2CID 1209571.
  26. ^ Clark, Catherine L.; Shaver, Phillip R.; Abrahams, Matthew F. (1999). "Strategic Behaviors in Romantic Relationship Initiation". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 25 (6): 709–722. doi:10.1177/0146167299025006006. ISSN 0146-1672. S2CID 146305141.
  27. ^ Moore, Monica M. (24 March 2010). "Human Nonverbal Courtship Behavior—A Brief Historical Review". Journal of Sex Research. 47 (2–3): 171–180. doi:10.1080/00224490903402520. ISSN 0022-4499. PMID 20358459. S2CID 15115115.
  28. ^ Skipper, James K.; Nass, Gilbert (1966). "Dating Behavior: A Framework for Analysis and an Illustration". Journal of Marriage and Family. 28 (4): 412–420. doi:10.2307/349537. ISSN 0022-2445. JSTOR 349537.
  29. ^ Agnew, Christopher R.; Hadden, Benjamin W.; Tan, Kenneth (2020), Agnew, Christopher R.; Machia, Laura V.; Arriaga, Ximena B. (eds.), "Relationship Receptivity Theory: Timing and Interdependent Relationships", Interdependence, Interaction, and Close Relationships, Advances in Personal Relationships, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 269–292, doi:10.1017/9781108645836.014, ISBN 978-1-108-48096-3, S2CID 225698943, retrieved 8 November 2023
  30. ^ Sprecher, Susan; Felmlee, Diane; Metts, Sandra; Cupach, William (2015), "Relationship initiation and development.", APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Volume 3: Interpersonal relations., Washington: American Psychological Association, pp. 211–245, doi:10.1037/14344-008, ISBN 978-1-4338-1703-8, retrieved 17 November 2023
  31. ^ Rosenfeld, Michael J.; Thomas, Reuben J. (2012). "Searching for a Mate: The Rise of the Internet as a Social Intermediary". American Sociological Review. 77 (4): 523–547. doi:10.1177/0003122412448050. ISSN 0003-1224. S2CID 145539089.
  32. ^ Wu, Shangwei; Trottier, Daniel (3 April 2022). "Dating apps: a literature review". Annals of the International Communication Association. 46 (2): 91–115. doi:10.1080/23808985.2022.2069046. ISSN 2380-8985. S2CID 248618275.
  33. ^ a b Vogels, Emily A.; McClain, Colleen (2 February 2023). "Key findings about online dating in the U.S." Pew Research Center. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  34. ^ a b Rusbult, Caryl E.; Olsen, Nils; Davis, Jody L.; Harmon, Peggy A. (2001). "Commitment and Relationship Maintenance Mechanisms". In Harvey, John H.; Wenzel, Amy (eds.). Close Romantic Relationships: Maintenance and Enhancement. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-135-65942-4.
  35. ^ Agnew, C. R., & VanderDrift, L. E. (2015). Relationship maintenance and dissolution. In M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, J. A. Simpson, & J. F. Dovidio (Eds.), APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Vol. 3. Interpersonal relations (pp. 581–604). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14344-021
  36. ^ García, C.Y. (1998). "Temporal course of the basic components of love throughout relationships" (PDF). Psychology in Spain. 2 (1): 76–86.
  37. ^ Stafford, Laura; Canary, Daniel J. (1991). "Maintenance Strategies and Romantic Relationship Type, Gender and Relational Characteristics". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 8 (2): 217–242. doi:10.1177/0265407591082004. ISSN 0265-4075. S2CID 145391340.
  38. ^ Ogolsky, Brian G.; Bowers, Jill R. (2013). "A meta-analytic review of relationship maintenance and its correlates". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 30 (3): 343–367. doi:10.1177/0265407512463338. ISSN 0265-4075. S2CID 145683192.
  39. ^ Birnbaum, Gurit E; Finkel, Eli J (2015). "The magnetism that holds us together: sexuality and relationship maintenance across relationship development". Current Opinion in Psychology. 1: 29–33. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.11.009.
  40. ^ Impett, Emily A.; Muise, Amy; Rosen, Natalie O. (2019), Ogolsky, Brian G.; Monk, J. Kale (eds.), "Sex as Relationship Maintenance", Relationship Maintenance: Theory, Process, and Context, Advances in Personal Relationships, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 215–239, ISBN 978-1-108-41985-7, retrieved 8 November 2023
  41. ^ Doss, Brian D; Rhoades, Galena K (1 February 2017). "The transition to parenthood: impact on couples' romantic relationships". Current Opinion in Psychology. Relationships and stress. 13: 25–28. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.04.003. ISSN 2352-250X. PMID 28813289.
  42. ^ Woolhouse, Hannah; McDonald, Ellie; Brown, Stephanie (1 December 2012). "Women's experiences of sex and intimacy after childbirth: making the adjustment to motherhood". Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology. 33 (4): 185–190. doi:10.3109/0167482X.2012.720314. ISSN 0167-482X. PMID 22973871. S2CID 37025280.
  43. ^ Stanley, Scott M.; Rhoades, Galena K.; Whitton, Sarah W. (2010). "Commitment: Functions, Formation, and the Securing of Romantic Attachment". Journal of Family Theory & Review. 2 (4): 243–257. doi:10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00060.x. PMC 3039217. PMID 21339829.
  44. ^ Rollie, Stephanie S.; Duck, Steve (2013). "Divorce and Dissolution of Romantic Relationships: Stage Models and Their Limitations". In Fine, Mark A.; Harvey, John H. (eds.). Handbook of Divorce and Relationship Dissolution. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-317-82421-3.
  45. ^ Rusbult, Caryl E (1980). "Commitment and satisfaction in romantic associations: A test of the investment model". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 16 (2): 172–186. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(80)90007-4. ISSN 0022-1031. S2CID 21707015.
  46. ^ Joel, Samantha; MacDonald, Geoff (2021). "We're Not That Choosy: Emerging Evidence of a Progression Bias in Romantic Relationships". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 25 (4): 317–343. doi:10.1177/10888683211025860. ISSN 1088-8683. PMC 8597186. PMID 34247524.
  47. ^ Ritter, Simone M.; Karremans, Johan C.; van Schie, Hein T. (1 July 2010). "The role of self-regulation in derogating attractive alternatives". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 46 (4): 631–637. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.02.010. hdl:2066/90614. ISSN 0022-1031.
  48. ^ Joel, Samantha; MacDonald, Geoff; Page-Gould, Elizabeth (2018). "Wanting to Stay and Wanting to Go: Unpacking the Content and Structure of Relationship Stay/Leave Decision Processes". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 9 (6): 631–644. doi:10.1177/1948550617722834. ISSN 1948-5506. S2CID 148797874.
  49. ^ a b Le, Benjamin; Dove, Natalie L.; Agnew, Christopher R.; Korn, Miriam S.; Mutso, Amelia A. (2010). "Predicting nonmarital romantic relationship dissolution: A meta-analytic synthesis". Personal Relationships. 17 (3): 377–390. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01285.x.
  50. ^ a b Vangelisti, Anita L. (2013). "Relationship Dissolution: Antecedents, Processes, and Consequences". In Noeller, Patricia; Feeney, Judith A. (eds.). Close Relationships: Functions, Forms and Processes. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-134-95333-2.
  51. ^ Rodrigues, A.E.; Hall, J.G.; Fincham, F.D. (2006). "What Predicts Divorce and Relationship Dissolution?". In Fine, M.A.; Harvey, J.H. (eds.). Handbook of divorce and relationship dissolution. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. pp. 85–112.
  52. ^ Berscheid, Ellen; Hatfield, Elaine (1974), "A Little Bit about Love", Foundations of Interpersonal Attraction, Elsevier, pp. 355–381, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-362950-0.50021-5, ISBN 978-0-12-362950-0, retrieved 18 November 2023
  53. ^ Whisman, Mark A.; Salinger, Julia M.; Sbarra, David A. (1 February 2022). "Relationship dissolution and psychopathology". Current Opinion in Psychology. 43: 199–204. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.07.016. ISSN 2352-250X. PMID 34416683.
  54. ^ Kansky, Jessica; Allen, Joseph P. (2018). "Making Sense and Moving On: The Potential for Individual and Interpersonal Growth Following Emerging Adult Breakups". Emerging Adulthood. 6 (3): 172–190. doi:10.1177/2167696817711766. ISSN 2167-6968. PMC 6051550. PMID 30034952.
  55. ^ Lewandowski, Gary W.; Bizzoco, Nicole M. (2007). "Addition through subtraction: Growth following the dissolution of a low quality relationship". The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2 (1): 40–54. doi:10.1080/17439760601069234. ISSN 1743-9760. S2CID 145109937.
  56. ^ Proulx, Christine M.; Helms, Heather M.; Buehler, Cheryl (2007). "Marital Quality and Personal Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis". Journal of Marriage and Family. 69 (3): 576–593. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00393.x. ISSN 0022-2445.
  57. ^ Braithwaite, Scott; Holt-Lunstad, Julianne (2017). "Romantic relationships and mental health". Current Opinion in Psychology. Relationships and stress. 13: 120–125. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.04.001. ISSN 2352-250X. PMID 28813281.
  58. ^ Stack, Steven; Eshleman, J. Ross (1998). "Marital Status and Happiness: A 17-Nation Study". Journal of Marriage and Family. 60 (2): 527–536. doi:10.2307/353867. ISSN 0022-2445. JSTOR 353867.
  59. ^ Gustavson, Kristin; Røysamb, Espen; Borren, Ingrid; Torvik, Fartein Ask; Karevold, Evalill (1 June 2016). "Life Satisfaction in Close Relationships: Findings from a Longitudinal Study". Journal of Happiness Studies. 17 (3): 1293–1311. doi:10.1007/s10902-015-9643-7. ISSN 1573-7780. S2CID 254703008.
  60. ^ Sullivan, Kieran T.; Davila, Joanne (11 June 2010). Support Processes in Intimate Relationships. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-045229-2.
  61. ^ Raposa, Elizabeth B.; Laws, Holly B.; Ansell, Emily B. (2016). "Prosocial Behavior Mitigates the Negative Effects of Stress in Everyday Life". Clinical Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science. 4 (4): 691–698. doi:10.1177/2167702615611073. ISSN 2167-7026. PMC 4974016. PMID 27500075.
  62. ^ Lakey, Brian; Orehek, Edward (2011). "Relational regulation theory: A new approach to explain the link between perceived social support and mental health". Psychological Review. 118 (3): 482–495. doi:10.1037/a0023477. ISSN 1939-1471. PMID 21534704. S2CID 20717156.
  63. ^ Peters, Brett J.; Reis, Harry T.; Gable, Shelly L. (2018). "Making the good even better: A review and theoretical model of interpersonal capitalization". Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 12 (7). doi:10.1111/spc3.12407. ISSN 1751-9004. S2CID 149686889.
  64. ^ Donato, Silvia; Pagani, Ariela; Parise, Miriam; Bertoni, Anna; Iafrate, Raffaella (2014). "The Capitalization Process in Stable Couple Relationships: Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Benefits". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 140: 207–211. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.411.
  65. ^ Maxwell, Jessica A.; McNulty, James K. (2019). "No Longer in a Dry Spell: The Developing Understanding of How Sex Influences Romantic Relationships". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 28 (1): 102–107. doi:10.1177/0963721418806690. ISSN 0963-7214. S2CID 149470236.
  66. ^ Cheng, Zhiming; Smyth, Russell (1 April 2015). "Sex and happiness". Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 112: 26–32. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.12.030. ISSN 0167-2681.
  67. ^ Meston, Cindy M.; Buss, David M. (3 July 2007). "Why Humans Have Sex". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 36 (4): 477–507. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9175-2. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 17610060. S2CID 6182053.
  68. ^ Ein-Dor, Tsachi; Hirschberger, Gilad (2012). "Sexual healing: Daily diary evidence that sex relieves stress for men and women in satisfying relationships". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 29 (1): 126–139. doi:10.1177/0265407511431185. ISSN 0265-4075. S2CID 73681719.
  69. ^ Muise, Amy; Schimmack, Ulrich; Impett, Emily A. (2016). "Sexual Frequency Predicts Greater Well-Being, But More is Not Always Better". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 7 (4): 295–302. doi:10.1177/1948550615616462. ISSN 1948-5506. S2CID 146679264.
  70. ^ Kleinplatz, Peggy J.; Menard, A. Dana; Paquet, Marie-Pierre; Paradis, Nicolas; Campbell, Meghan; Zuccarino, Dino; Mehak, Lisa (2009). "The components of optimal sexuality: A portrait of "great sex"". Canadian Journal of Human Sexuliaty. 18 (1–2).
  71. ^ Slatcher, Richard B.; Selcuk, Emre (2017). "A Social Psychological Perspective on the Links Between Close Relationships and Health". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 26 (1): 16–21. doi:10.1177/0963721416667444. ISSN 0963-7214. PMC 5373007. PMID 28367003.
  72. ^ a b Kiecolt-Glaser, Janice K.; Newton, Tamara L. (2001). "Marriage and health: His and hers". Psychological Bulletin. 127 (4): 472–503. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.4.472. ISSN 1939-1455. PMID 11439708.
  73. ^ Robles, Theodore F.; Slatcher, Richard B.; Trombello, Joseph M.; McGinn, Meghan M. (2014). "Marital quality and health: A meta-analytic review". Psychological Bulletin. 140 (1): 140–187. doi:10.1037/a0031859. ISSN 1939-1455. PMC 3872512. PMID 23527470.
  74. ^ GRAHAM, JENNIFER E.; CHRISTIAN, LISA M.; KIECOLT-GLASER, JANICE K. (2007), "Close Relationships and Immunity", Psychoneuroimmunology, Elsevier, pp. 781–798, doi:10.1016/b978-012088576-3/50043-5, ISBN 978-0-12-088576-3, retrieved 23 November 2023
  75. ^ Kiecolt-Glaser, Janice K.; Gouin, Jean-Philippe; Hantsoo, Liisa (1 September 2010). "Close relationships, inflammation, and health". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. Psychophysiological Biomarkers of Health. 35 (1): 33–38. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.09.003. ISSN 0149-7634. PMC 2891342. PMID 19751761.
  76. ^ Berli, Corina; Bolger, Niall; Shrout, Patrick E.; Stadler, Gertraud; Scholz, Urte (2018). "Interpersonal Processes of Couples' Daily Support for Goal Pursuit: The Example of Physical Activity". Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin. 44 (3): 332–344. doi:10.1177/0146167217739264. hdl:2164/9760. ISSN 1552-7433. PMID 29121824. S2CID 5399890.
  77. ^ Britton, Maggie; Haddad, Sana; Derrick, Jaye L. (2019). "Perceived Partner Responsiveness Predicts Smoking Cessation in Single-Smoker Couples". Addictive Behaviors. 88: 122–128. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.08.026. ISSN 0306-4603. PMC 7027992. PMID 30176500.
  78. ^ Jakubiak, Brett K.; Feeney, Brooke C. (2017). "Affectionate Touch to Promote Relational, Psychological, and Physical Well-Being in Adulthood: A Theoretical Model and Review of the Research". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 21 (3): 228–252. doi:10.1177/1088868316650307. ISSN 1088-8683. PMID 27225036. S2CID 40786746.
  79. ^ Kiecolt-Glaser, Janice K.; Loving, Timothy J.; Stowell, Jeffrey R.; Malarkey, William B.; Lemeshow, Stanley; Dickinson, Stephanie L.; Glaser, Ronald (2005). "Hostile marital interactions, proinflammatory cytokine production, and wound healing". Archives of General Psychiatry. 62 (12): 1377–1384. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.12.1377. ISSN 0003-990X. PMID 16330726.
  80. ^ Younger, Jarred; Aron, Arthur; Parke, Sara; Chatterjee, Neil; Mackey, Sean (13 October 2010). "Viewing Pictures of a Romantic Partner Reduces Experimental Pain: Involvement of Neural Reward Systems". PLOS ONE. 5 (10): e13309. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...513309Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013309. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2954158. PMID 20967200.
  81. ^ Master, Sarah L.; Eisenberger, Naomi I.; Taylor, Shelley E.; Naliboff, Bruce D.; Shirinyan, David; Lieberman, Matthew D. (2009). "A Picture's Worth: Partner Photographs Reduce Experimentally Induced Pain". Psychological Science. 20 (11): 1316–1318. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02444.x. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 19788531. S2CID 14948326.
  82. ^ Hooker, Emily D.; Campos, Belinda; Pressman, Sarah D. (1 July 2018). "It just takes a text: Partner text messages can reduce cardiovascular responses to stress in females". Computers in Human Behavior. 84: 485–492. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.033. ISSN 0747-5632. S2CID 13840189.
  83. ^ a b Feeney, Judith A; Karantzas, Gery C (2017). "Couple conflict: insights from an attachment perspective". Current Opinion in Psychology. Relationships and stress. 13: 60–64. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.04.017. ISSN 2352-250X. PMID 28813296.
  84. ^ a b Overall, Nickola C; McNulty, James K (2017). "What type of communication during conflict is beneficial for intimate relationships?". Current Opinion in Psychology. Relationships and stress. 13: 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.002. ISSN 2352-250X. PMC 5181851. PMID 28025652.
  85. ^ Risch, Gail S.; Riley, Lisa A.; Lawler, Michael G. (2003). "Problematic Issues in the Early Years of Marriage: Content for Premarital Education". Journal of Psychology and Theology. 31 (3): 253–269. doi:10.1177/009164710303100310. ISSN 0091-6471. S2CID 141072191.
  86. ^ a b Gottman, John M. (30 November 2017), "The Roles of Conflict Engagement, Escalation, and Avoidance in Marital Interaction: A Longitudinal View of Five Types of Couples", Interpersonal Development, Routledge, pp. 359–368, doi:10.4324/9781351153683-21, ISBN 978-1-351-15368-3, retrieved 22 November 2023
  87. ^ Gottman, J.M. (1979). Marital Interaction: Experimental Investigations. New York, NY: Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-4832-6598-8.
  88. ^ Overall, Nickola C.; McNulty, James K. (2017). "What Type of Communication during Conflict is Beneficial for Intimate Relationships?". Current Opinion in Psychology. 13: 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.002. ISSN 2352-250X. PMC 5181851. PMID 28025652.
  89. ^ Cramer, Duncan (2000). "Relationship Satisfaction and Conflict Style in Romantic Relationships". The Journal of Psychology. 134 (3): 337–341. doi:10.1080/00223980009600873. ISSN 0022-3980. PMID 10907711. S2CID 9245525.
  90. ^ Doss, Brian D.; Rhoades, Galena K.; Stanley, Scott M.; Markman, Howard J. (2009). "Marital Therapy, Retreats, and Books: The Who, What, When, and Why of Relationship Help-Seeking". Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 35 (1): 18–29. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00093.x. ISSN 0194-472X. PMID 19161581.
  91. ^ Simpson, Jeffry A; Rholes, W Steven (1 February 2017). "Adult attachment, stress, and romantic relationships". Current Opinion in Psychology. Relationships and stress. 13: 19–24. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.04.006. ISSN 2352-250X. PMC 4845754. PMID 27135049.
  92. ^ Simpson, Jeffry A. (1990). "Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 59 (5): 971–980. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.971. ISSN 1939-1315.
  93. ^ Martínez-León, Nancy Consuelo; Peña, Juan José; Salazar, Hernán; García, Andrea; Sierra, Juan Carlos (2017). "A systematic review of romantic jealousy in relationships". Terapia psicológica. 35 (2): 203–212. doi:10.4067/s0718-48082017000200203. hdl:20.500.12495/3466. ISSN 0718-4808.
  94. ^ Campbell, Lorne; Simpson, Jeffry A.; Boldry, Jennifer; Kashy, Deborah A. (2005). "Perceptions of Conflict and Support in Romantic Relationships: The Role of Attachment Anxiety". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 88 (3): 510–531. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.510. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 15740443. S2CID 21042397.
  95. ^ Bartholomew, Kim (1990). "Avoidance of Intimacy: An Attachment Perspective". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 7 (2): 147–178. doi:10.1177/0265407590072001. ISSN 0265-4075. S2CID 146379254.
  96. ^ Finkel, Eli J.; Simpson, Jeffry A.; Eastwick, Paul W. (3 January 2017). "The Psychology of Close Relationships: Fourteen Core Principles". Annual Review of Psychology. 68 (1): 383–411. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044038. ISSN 0066-4308. PMID 27618945. S2CID 207567096.
  97. ^ Karney, Benjamin R.; Neff, Lisa A. (2013). "Couples and stress: How demands outside a relationship affect intimacy within the relationship". In Simpson, J.A.; Campbell, L. (eds.). The Oxford handbook of close relationships. Oxford University Press. pp. 664–684.
  98. ^ Karney, Benjamin R. (2021). "Socioeconomic Status and Intimate Relationships". Annual Review of Psychology. 72 (1): 391–414. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-051920-013658. PMC 8179854. PMID 32886585. S2CID 221503060.
  99. ^ a b Blow, Adrian J.; Hartnett, Kelley (2005). "Infidelity in Committed Relationships II: A Substantive Review". Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 31 (2): 217–233. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2005.tb01556.x. ISSN 0194-472X. PMID 15974059.
  100. ^ Treas, Judith; Giesen, Deirdre (2000). "Sexual Infidelity among Married and Cohabiting Americans". Journal of Marriage and Family. 62 (1): 48–60. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00048.x. ISSN 0022-2445. JSTOR 1566686.
  101. ^ a b "Who Cheats More? The Demographics of Infidelity in America". Institute for Family Studies. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  102. ^ Rokach, Ami; Chan, Sybil H. (2023). "Love and Infidelity: Causes and Consequences". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 20 (5): 3904. doi:10.3390/ijerph20053904. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 10002055. PMID 36900915.
  103. ^ "Violence against women". www.who.int. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  104. ^ Kim, Jinseok; Gray, Karen A. (2008). "Leave or Stay?: Battered Women's Decision After Intimate Partner Violence". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 23 (10): 1465–1482. doi:10.1177/0886260508314307. ISSN 0886-2605. PMID 18309037. S2CID 263537650.
  105. ^ Chen, Ping-Hsin; Jacobs, Abbie; Rovi, Susan L D (1 September 2013). "Intimate partner violence: childhood exposure to domestic violence". FP Essentials. 412: 24–27. ISSN 2161-9344. PMID 24053262.
  106. ^ Finkel, Eli J.; Eckhardt, Christopher I. (12 April 2013). Simpson, Jeffry A.; Campbell, Lorne (eds.). "Intimate Partner Violence". Oxford Handbooks Online. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398694.013.0020.
  107. ^ Ali, Parveen Azam; Naylor, Paul B. (1 November 2013). "Intimate partner violence: A narrative review of the feminist, social and ecological explanations for its causation". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 18 (6): 611–619. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2013.07.009. ISSN 1359-1789.
  108. ^ Carney, Michelle; Buttell, Fred; Dutton, Don (1 January 2007). "Women who perpetrate intimate partner violence: A review of the literature with recommendations for treatment". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 12 (1): 108–115. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2006.05.002. ISSN 1359-1789.
  109. ^ Ehrensaft, Miriam K. (1 March 2008). "Intimate partner violence: Persistence of myths and implications for intervention". Children and Youth Services Review. Recent Trends in Intimate Violence: Theory and Intervention. 30 (3): 276–286. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.10.005. ISSN 0190-7409.
  110. ^ Capaldi, Deborah M.; Knoble, Naomi B.; Shortt, Joann Wu; Kim, Hyoun K. (2012). "A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence". Partner Abuse. 3 (2): 231–280. doi:10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.231. PMC 3384540. PMID 22754606.
  111. ^ Rokach, Ami (2023). "Love Culturally: How Does Culture Affect Intimacy, Commitment & Love". The Journal of Psychology. 158 (1): 84–114. doi:10.1080/00223980.2023.2244129. ISSN 0022-3980. PMID 37647358. S2CID 261394941.
  112. ^ Ge, Fiona; Park, Jiyoung; Pietromonaco, Paula R. (2022). "How You Talk About It Matters: Cultural Variation in Communication Directness in Romantic Relationships". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 53 (6): 583–602. doi:10.1177/00220221221088934. ISSN 0022-0221. S2CID 247959876.
  113. ^ Cionea, Ioana A.; Van Gilder, Bobbi J.; Hoelscher, Carrisa S.; Anagondahalli, Deepa (2 October 2019). "A cross-cultural comparison of expectations in romantic relationships: India and the United States". Journal of International and Intercultural Communication. 12 (4): 289–307. doi:10.1080/17513057.2018.1542019. ISSN 1751-3057. S2CID 150097472.
  114. ^ Treger, Stanislav; Sprecher, Susan; Hatfield, Elaine C. (2014), "Love", in Michalos, Alex C. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 3708–3712, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1706, ISBN 978-94-007-0752-8, retrieved 21 November 2023
  115. ^ Simpson, Jeffry A.; Campbell, Bruce; Berscheid, Ellen (1986). "The Association between Romantic Love and Marriage: Kephart (1967) Twice Revisited". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 12 (3): 363–372. doi:10.1177/0146167286123011. ISSN 0146-1672. S2CID 145051003.
  116. ^ Cardona, Betty; Bedi, Robinder P.; Crookston, Bradley J. (2019). "Choosing Love Over Tradition: Lived Experiences of Asian Indian Marriages". The Family Journal. 27 (3): 278–286. doi:10.1177/1066480719852994. ISSN 1066-4807. S2CID 195554512.
  117. ^ Hopkins, Jason J.; Sorensen, Anna; Taylor, Verta (2013). "Same-Sex Couples, Families, and Marriage: Embracing and Resisting Heteronormativity 1". Sociology Compass. 7 (2): 97–110. doi:10.1111/soc4.12016. ISSN 1751-9020.
  118. ^ a b Peplau, Letitia Anne; Fingerhut, Adam W. (2007). "The Close Relationships of Lesbians and Gay Men". Annual Review of Psychology. 58 (1): 405–424. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085701. ISSN 0066-4308. PMID 16903800.
  119. ^ Diamond, Lisa M.; Dubé, Eric M. (2002). "Friendship and Attachment Among Heterosexual and Sexual-Minority Youths: Does the Gender of Your Friend Matter?". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 31 (2): 155–166. doi:10.1023/A:1014026111486. ISSN 0047-2891. S2CID 142987585.
  120. ^ Vetere, Victoria A. (1982). "The Role of Friendship in the Development and Maintenance of Lesbian Love Relationships". Journal of Homosexuality. 8 (2): 51–65. doi:10.1300/J082v08n02_07. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 7166643.
  121. ^ Parsons, Jeffrey T.; Starks, Tyrel J.; Gamarel, Kristi E.; Grov, Christian (2012). "Non-monogamy and sexual relationship quality among same-sex male couples". Journal of Family Psychology. 26 (5): 669–677. doi:10.1037/a0029561. ISSN 1939-1293. PMID 22906124.
  122. ^ Rostosky, Sharon Scales; Riggle, Ellen DB (1 February 2017). "Same-sex relationships and minority stress". Current Opinion in Psychology. Relationships and stress. 13: 29–38. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.04.011. ISSN 2352-250X. PMID 28813290.
  123. ^ Tatum, Alexander K. (16 April 2017). "The Interaction of Same-Sex Marriage Access With Sexual Minority Identity on Mental Health and Subjective Wellbeing". Journal of Homosexuality. 64 (5): 638–653. doi:10.1080/00918369.2016.1196991. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 27269121. S2CID 20843197.
  124. ^ Wight, Richard G.; LeBlanc, Allen J.; Lee Badgett, M. V. (2013). "Same-Sex Legal Marriage and Psychological Well-Being: Findings From the California Health Interview Survey". American Journal of Public Health. 103 (2): 339–346. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301113. PMC 3558785. PMID 23237155.
  125. ^ "Understanding the Asexual Community". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  126. ^ a b Chasin, CJ DeLuzio (2015). "Making Sense in and of the Asexual Community: Navigating Relationships and Identities in a Context of Resistance". Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. 25 (2): 167–180. doi:10.1002/casp.2203. ISSN 1052-9284.
  127. ^ Rothblum, Esther D.; Krueger, Evan A.; Kittle, Krystal R.; Meyer, Ilan H. (1 February 2020). "Asexual and Non-Asexual Respondents from a U.S. Population-Based Study of Sexual Minorities". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 49 (2): 757–767. doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01485-0. ISSN 1573-2800. PMC 7059692. PMID 31214906.
  128. ^ Hille, Jessica J. (1 February 2023). "Beyond sex: A review of recent literature on asexuality". Current Opinion in Psychology. 49: 101516. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101516. ISSN 2352-250X. PMID 36495711. S2CID 253534170.
  129. ^ Fine, Julia Coombs (2023). "From crushes to squishes: Affect and agency on r/ AskReddit and r/ Asexual". Journal of Language and Sexuality. 12 (2): 145–172. doi:10.1075/jls.22004.fin. ISSN 2211-3770. S2CID 259866691.
  130. ^ Scoats, Ryan; Campbell, Christine (1 December 2022). "What do we know about consensual non-monogamy?". Current Opinion in Psychology. 48: 101468. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101468. ISSN 2352-250X. PMID 36215906. S2CID 252348893.
  131. ^ Moors, Amy C.; Matsick, Jes L.; Schechinger, Heath A. (2017). "Unique and Shared Relationship Benefits of Consensually Non-Monogamous and Monogamous Relationships". European Psychologist. 22 (1): 55–71. doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000278.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Intimate relationships.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intimate_relationship&oldid=1259398958"