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Human rights in Monaco

Monaco is a country governed by a sovereign prince and a National Council, who cooperate on all legislative procedures. The country had elections in 2013, which international observers declared legitimate.[1] Monaco has established policy that protects human rights. Nevertheless, there has been pressure from various parties to improve said rights in the country.[2]

Flag of Monaco

There have been several recent cases of prisoner mistreatment in Monaco,[3] including prison facilities that have allegedly failed to provide sufficient recreation time for prisoners. In addition, several large organizations such as the Council of Europe's European Committee for the Prevention of Torture have been active in reviewing the prison system in the country.[4] Other issues include the preservation of national security, wherefore the country maintains voice recordings of anybody engaged in organized crime.[5]

Civil liberties

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Freedom of expression

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The country supports freedom of expression of its citizens, a right that is protected by the Constitution. Government authorities generally respect this right. However, the Monegasque Penal Code prohibits, inter alia, any public criticism of the ruling family.[6][7]

Freedom of religion

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Cathedral
See also: Religion in Monaco

Roman Catholicism is the official religion of the state, with about 95% of Monegasques following the faith. Monaco is part of the Diocese of Gibraltar. The law allows full freedom of religion.[8] The state has one cathedral, a synagogue, and five Catholic churches.[9]

Freedom of movement

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For the most part, residents of Monaco can move freely within the small area comprising the country.[10] Certain regulations concern the right of Monegasques to work in adjacent countries.[11] The Monegasque enjoy special rights relating to repatriation and the acquisition of foreign citizenship.[12] As an example, while the state can revoke the nationality of a Monegasque for cause, such as naturalization in a foreign country, the prince has the power to restore citizenship after consulting with the Crown Council.[13]

As to refugees, the government applies the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol.[14] Monaco has several arrangements with France regarding political asylum of refugees, subject to[6] French constitutional stipulations.

Criminal justice system

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Trial

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There are three levels of judicial power in Monaco, which handle both civil lawsuits and criminal law. They include:[15]

  • Jurisdiction of First Instance – this jurisdiction is divided into offices of the Justice of the Peace, the Court of First Instance, and various other tribunals.
  • Court of Appeal – the court of appeal reviews the judgments of appeal cases. The court of First Instance may also hear appeals, subject to government rules.
  • The Court of Revision – this Court works as a secondary platform for deciding cases. It ensures that lower court levels apply the law appropriately. The Court may also decide to approve or quash an appeal, or may remand a case sua sponte for additional investigation.
  • The Supreme Court of Monaco has specific jurisdictions. This includes:[15]
    • Constitutional matters – the Supreme Court may review cases of annulment, legal compensations cases, and infringements of constitutional rights.
    • Administrative affairs – these include review of the actions of administrative authorities, as well as activities that involve annulment.

Constitutional Rights in Monaco

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The Constitution of Monaco protects its citizens from arbitrary arrests or trial, and from detention when a person is not suspected of a crime.[16] Basic rights include a requirement that law enforcement authorities bring a person charged with a crime in front of a court of law within 24 hours. Monaco releases a significant portion of its detainees without bail. The investigating magistrate, though, may order the detention of an individual for as many as 120 days, based on investigative factors. Further, Monaco does not force its nationals into exile when suspected of a crime.[17]

Prisons

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The prison system of Monaco has drawn criticism from various quarters worldwide. Though Monaco endeavors to provide suitable resources for criminals, shortcomings have been alleged regarding the country’s correctional facilities.[18] International human rights agencies have criticized Monaco for sending all long-term prisoner citizens to France, as well as the conditions in which prisoners detained more than 24 hours have been held. These include a lack of sufficient outdoor exercise or space for recreation;[19][20] a lack of access to sunlight; and insufficient space for prisoners to keep their personal property.

The prison system in Monaco is controlled by independent, non-governmental parties such as CPT,[21] which conducts regular appraisals of the prisons in Monaco. From these examinations, relevant prison officials are tasked with maintaining and supporting human rights within the correctional system.[22]

Protection

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The judiciary and Constitution of Monaco address instances of abuse, and provide solutions thereto.[23][24][25][26] The constitution also grants certain rights to the 5,000 residents classified as Monegasque nationals: free education, financial help for those in need, and the right to elect officials and hold positions of national office.[27]

Children's rights

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Monaco's government generally supports children's rights and welfare. Health care programs for the young are plentiful.[citation needed]

Demographic studies conducted in 2010 showed that the mortality rate for children under five years had fallen below 4%. Furthermore, 97% of children have access to resources such as clean drinking water. Children also receive sufficient vaccination against diseases. Abortion, legalized in Monaco in 2009, is restricted to cases involving severe health problems.[24][28]

The state has universal, mandatory public education for children. Reports from UNICEF state that the educational system needs to further respect human rights, as well as comply with the convention against discrimination in schools.[29] The United Nations has made several recommendations for Monaco regarding legislation that further protects the rights of children.

Monaco actively promotes the right of children to not be enlisted in the military.[25]

References

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  1. ^ Codling, Stuart (2019-04-16). The Life Monaco Grand Prix. p. 240. ISBN 978-0760363744.
  2. ^ Colombi Ciacchi, Aure (March 2018). "Human Rights, Comparative Law and Global Governance". European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance. 5 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1163/22134514-00501003.
  3. ^ Stephens, Mike (27 January 2014). Crime and Social Policy. doi:10.4324/9781315060958. ISBN 9781315060958.
  4. ^ Brenda Ralph, Lewis (2011). Dark History of the Kings & Queens of England (2012 ed.). London N1 9PF UK: Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 9781908696342.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  5. ^ Szemerszky, Zsolt (21 January 2016). Living in Monaco (December 2015 ed.). ISBN 9781329847040.
  6. ^ a b Combs, Barbara (2014). From Selma to Montgomery : the long march to freedom. Routledge. ISBN 9780203081440.
  7. ^ Wong, Edmund (2013-07-27). Post-Punk Perception: Living in the Social Milieu. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781483672748.
  8. ^ Lansford, Tom (2015). Political Handbook of the World 2015. New York: CQ Press. ISBN 978-1483371573.
  9. ^ Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (2012). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. Thousand Oaks, Calif. : SAGE. ISBN 9781412997898.
  10. ^ Francesco, Cherubini (2015). Asylum law in the European Union. London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781315814421.
  11. ^ Sassen, Saskia (2018). Cities in a world economy (Fifth ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. p. 440. ISBN 9781506362618. OCLC 1021062670.
  12. ^ Williams, Yohuru (2015). Black power encyclopedia : from "Black is beautiful" to urban uprisings. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1440840074.
  13. ^ Olsen, Espen D.H. (2012). Transnational Citizenship in the European Union : Past, Present, and Future. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1441116932.
  14. ^ Zimmermann, Andreas; Machts, Felix; Dörsch, Jonas (27 January 2011). The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol : a commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199542512.
  15. ^ a b Christensen, Mikkel; Levi, Ron (2018). International Practices of Criminal Justice : Social and legal perspectives (First ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781315144788.
  16. ^ Bregman, Alexandra (2019). The Bouvier Affair: A True Story. Alexandra Bregman. p. 224. ISBN 9781733834520.
  17. ^ Clark, Janine (2014). International trials and reconciliation : assessing the impact of the international criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Abingdon, Oxon;Routledge. ISBN 9781317974758.
  18. ^ Moran, Dominique; Morin, Karen M. (2015). Historical geographies of prisons : unlocking the usable carceral past. Routledge. p. 232. ISBN 9781315724997.
  19. ^ "Christian Peacemaker Teams | Christian Peacemaker Teams".
  20. ^ Stern, Kaia (2014). Voices from American Prisons. London: Routledge. p. 238. doi:10.4324/9780203374573. ISBN 9780203374573.
  21. ^ Bennett, Jamie; Jewkes, Yvonne (2008). Dictionary of prisons and punishment. London: Willan. p. 416. doi:10.4324/9781843926009. ISBN 9781843926009.
  22. ^ Coyle, Andrew; Fair, Helen; Jacobson, Jessica; Walmsley, Roy (2016). Imprisonment worldwide : the current situation and an alternative future. Policy Press. p. 170. ISBN 9781447331759. OCLC 944087538.
  23. ^ Driessen, Michael Daniel (2014). Religion and democratization : framing religious and political identities in muslim and catholic societies. Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 9780199329700. OCLC 885414567.
  24. ^ a b Edwards, Anne (2017). The Grimaldis of Monaco. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press. p. 368. ISBN 9781493029228. OCLC 1022117471.
  25. ^ a b Thompson, Wayne C., 1943- (2012). Western Europe 2012 (31st ed.). Lanham, MD: Stryker Post Publications. ISBN 9781610488976. OCLC 777602386.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Miller, Banks; Linda, Keith; Jennifer S., Holmes (2015). Immigration Judges and U.S. Asylum Policy. America: university of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0190928247.
  27. ^ Pardoe, Julia (2014). The Court and Reign of Francis the First, King of France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781107450080. ISBN 9781107450080.
  28. ^ Middleton, John. (2015). World monarchies and dynasties. Armonk, NY: Routledge. p. 1067. ISBN 978-0765680501. OCLC 681311754.
  29. ^ "Children of Monaco". Humanium. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
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