This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2012) |
The Second Hungarian Republic (Hungarian: Második Magyar Köztársaság [ˈmaːʃodik ˈmɒɟɒr ˈkøstaːrʃɒʃaːɡ]) was a parliamentary republic briefly established after the disestablishment of the Kingdom of Hungary on 1 February 1946. It was itself dissolved on 20 August 1949 and succeeded by the Soviet-backed Hungarian People's Republic.
Hungarian Republic Magyar Köztársaság (Hungarian) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1946–1949 | |||||||||
| Anthem: "Himnusz" (Hungarian) (English: "Hymn") | |||||||||
.png) | |||||||||
| Capital and largest city | Budapest | ||||||||
| Official languages | Hungarian | ||||||||
| Religion | Christianity (majority)[i] Judaism (minority) | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Hungarian | ||||||||
| Government | Unitary Parliamentary Republic
| ||||||||
| President | |||||||||
• 1946–1948 | Zoltán Tildy | ||||||||
• 1948–1949 | Árpád Szakasits | ||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1946–1947 | Ferenc Nagy | ||||||||
• 1947–1948 | Lajos Dinnyés | ||||||||
• 1948–1949 | István Dobi | ||||||||
| Legislature | National Assembly | ||||||||
| Historical era | Cold War | ||||||||
• Monarchy abolished | 1 February 1946 | ||||||||
| 10 February 1947 | |||||||||
| 31 May 1947[1] | |||||||||
| 31 August 1947 | |||||||||
| 20 August 1949 | |||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
| 1946[2] | 93,073 km2 (35,936 sq mi) | ||||||||
| 1947[2] | 93,011 km2 (35,912 sq mi) | ||||||||
| 1949[2] | 93,011 km2 (35,912 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1949[3] | 9,204,799 | ||||||||
| Currency | Pengő / Adópengő[ii] Forint | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Hungary Slovakia[iii] | ||||||||
.svg)
.svg)
The Republic was proclaimed in the aftermath of the Soviet occupation of Hungary at the end of World War II in Europe and with the formal abolition of the Hungarian monarchy, whose throne had been vacant since 1918,[iv] in February 1946. Initially the period was characterized by an uneasy coalition government between pro-democracy elements—primarily the Independent Smallholders' Party—and the Hungarian Communist Party. At Soviet insistence, the Communists had received key posts in the new cabinet, particularly the Interior Ministry, despite the Smallholders' Party's landslide victory in the 1945 elections. From that position the Communists were able to systematically eliminate their opponents segment by segment through political intrigue and fabricated conspiracy, a process that Communist leader Mátyás Rákosi called "salami tactics."[4]
By June 1947 the Communist Party had gutted the Smallholders' Party as a political force through the mass arrests and forced exile of its main leaders and had gained effective control of the government, installing a fellow traveller as Prime Minister. New elections in August 1947 increased the Communists' share of the vote, though non-Communist parties won essentially the same number of votes as in 1945 and the elections were marred with fraud and intimidation. Regardless, further Communist machinations and intrigues managed to liquidate most of the remaining opposition parties within the next year. This culminated in their merger with the Social Democratic Party of Hungary in June 1948 to form the Hungarian Working People's Party; essentially an expanded Communist Party under a new name. The government instituted programs of nationalization of key industries as part of the Sovietization of the Hungarian economy and society as the country entered the Soviet sphere of influence. In August 1949, the country was formally proclaimed to be a people's republic with the Communists as the sole legal party. This arrangement would last, aside from a brief break in 1956, until the end of Communism in Hungary in 1989–90.
History
editBeginnings
editFrom September 1944 until April 1945, as World War II in Europe drew to a close, the Red Army occupied Hungary. The Siege of Budapest lasted almost two months and much of the city was destroyed. Neither the Western Allies nor the Soviet Union supported any changes to Hungary's pre-1938 borders, so the peace treaty signed by Hungary in 1947 declared that "The decisions of the Vienna Award of 2 November 1938 are declared null and void".[5] This meant that Hungary's borders were moved back to those that existed on 1 January 1938 and it lost the territories it had regained between 1938 and 1941. The Soviet Union also annexed Sub-Carpathia, some of which had been part of Hungary before 1938.
The Soviets set up an alternative government in Debrecen on 21 December 1944[6] before capturing Budapest between 18 January and 13 February, 1945. Zoltán Tildy became the provisional prime minister. The Soviet government would demand not merely the return of all materials taken from the USSR, but also the payment of 300 million USD in commodities to Moscow, 200 million to Czechoslovakia and 100 million to Romania.[7]
Hyperinflation
editThe combination of high demand for finance to pay war reparations with a very weak system of tax collection meant that during 1945 and 1946, the national currency, the pengő, would be destroyed by the most ruinous hyperinflation in recorded history.[8] The hyperinflation was largely due to the inability of tax revenues to pay the country’s war debts, but some historians argue it was a deliberate policy of the Soviet Union to destroy Hungary’s middle class.[9] The only way to restore sanity to the economy was a new currency, so the forint was introduced in 1946.
German deportation
editBetween 1946 and 1948, half of Hungary's ethnic German minority (around 250,000 people)[10] were deported to Germany and there was a forced "exchange of population" between Hungary and Czechoslovakia.[11]
Soviet control
edit
In elections held in November 1945, the Independent Smallholders' Party won 57% of the vote. The Hungarian Communist Party, now under the leadership of Mátyás Rákosi and Ernő Gerő, two veterans from the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919, received support from only 17% of the population. The Soviet commander in Hungary, Marshal Kliment Voroshilov, refused to allow the Smallholders Party to form a government. Instead Voroshilov established a coalition government with the communists holding some of the key posts. Under Parliament, the leader of the Smallholders, Zoltán Tildy, was named president and Ferenc Nagy prime minister in February 1946. Mátyás Rákosi became deputy prime minister.
László Rajk became minister of the interior and in this post established the security police (ÁVO). In February 1947 the police began arresting leaders of the Smallholders Party and the National Peasant Party. It also pressured both parties to expel those members who weren't willing to do the Communists' bidding as "fascists." Several prominent figures in both parties escaped abroad. Later, Rákosi boasted that he had dealt with his partners in the government, one by one, "cutting them off like slices of salami."[4]
By 1947, the power of the other parties in the coalition had been reduced in favour of the Communists, and they became the largest single party in elections held that year. The Communists were the dominant partners in the coalition People's Independence Front government. Nagy was replaced as prime minister by the more pliable Lajos Dinnyés.
In October 1947, Rákosi gave the leaders of the non-Communist parties an ultimatum: cooperate with a new, Communist-dominated coalition government or go into exile.[12] The Social Democratic Party effectively ceased to exist as an independent organization, and Independent Smallholders' Party secretary Béla Kovács was arrested and sent to Siberia.[13] Other opposition leaders such as Anna Kéthly, Ferenc Nagy and István Szabó were imprisoned or sent into exile.[14]
The Republic of Hungary effectively ended in June 1948, when the Social Democrats were forced to merge with the Communists to form the Hungarian Working People's Party. However, the few independent-minded Social Democrats still left in the party were pushed out in short order. For all intents and purposes, this left the MDP as the MKP under a new name. In August, Tildy was forced out as president in favour of Social Democrat-turned-Communist Árpád Szakasits. That December, Dinnyés was replaced as leader of the Smallholders and prime minister by the openly pro-Communist István Dobi. At the 1949 elections, voters were presented with a single list from the Communist-controlled Independent People's Front, which carried 95 percent of the vote. By this time, fellow travelers had taken over the other parties and turned them into loyal partners of the Communists.
On 18 August 1949, the Parliament passed Hungary's first written constitution (1949/XX.) – a near-carbon copy of the 1936 constitution of the Soviet Union. The name of the country became the People's Republic of Hungary, "the country of the workers and peasants" where "every authority is held by the working people". Socialism was declared as the main goal of the nation. A new coat of arms was adopted with Communist symbols, such as the red star, a hammer, and an ear of wheat.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Predominantly Roman Catholic.
- ^ Until 1 August 1946.
- ^ Bratislava bridgehead until 10 February 1947.
- ^ Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya had ruled as Regent since 1920 until he was captured by Edmund Veesenmayer and deposed on 15 October 1944.
References
edit- ^ "Part 2: Communist take-over, 1946-1949". The Institute for the History of the 1956 Revolution.
- ^ a b c Élesztős, László, ed. (2004). "Magyarország határai" [Borders of Hungary]. Révai új lexikona (in Hungarian). Vol. 13. Szekszárd: Babits Kiadó. p. 895. ISBN 963-9556-13-0.
- ^ "Az 1990. évi népszámlálás előzetes adatai". Statisztikai Szemle. 68 (10): 750. October 1990.
- ^ a b Freedman, Lawrence; Michaels, Jeffrey (2019). The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy: New, Updated and Completely Revised. p. 123. ISBN 9781137573506.
- ^ Treaty of Peace with Hungary Archived 2004-12-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kenez, Peter (22 May 2006). Hungary from the Nazis to the Soviets: The Establishment of the Communist Regime in Hungary, 1944-1948. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780521857666.
- ^ Siklos, Pierre L. (1991). War Finance, Reconstruction, Hyperinflation and Stabilization in Hungary, 1938-48. New York City: Saint Martin's Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-0-312-05708-4.
- ^ McIndoe-Calder, Tara; Bedi, Tara; Mercado, Rogelio (2019). "Historic Hyperinflation Episodes". Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe: Background, Impact and Policy. Springer International Publishing. pp. 34–35. ISBN 9783030310158.
- ^ Clark, Jeff R. (1990). Macroeconomics for Managers. Allyn and Bacon. p. 271. ISBN 9780205122103.
- ^ Bryant, Chad Carl (2007). Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism. Harvard University Press. p. 209.
- ^ Rieber, Alfred J. (2013). Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939-1950. Routledge. ISBN 9781135274894.
- ^ Hungary: a country study (Technical report). Library of Congress Federal Research Division. December 1989.
- ^ Willis, Jim (2013). Daily Life Behind the Iron Curtain. ABC-CLIO. p. 97. ISBN 9780313397639.
- ^ Argentieri, Federigo (2018). "Hungary". In Curry, Jane Leftwich; Wolchik, Sharon L. (eds.). Central and East European Politics From Communism to Democracy. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. p. 290. ISBN 9781538100899.
