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Hungary–United Kingdom relations

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British–Hungarian are foreign relations between Hungary and the United Kingdom. Hungary was a part of the Austrian Empire until 1918 when it became independent. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1920.

British – Hungarian relations
Map indicating locations of Hungary and United Kingdom

Hungary
United Kingdom
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Hungary, LondonEmbassy of the United Kingdom, Budapest

History

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19th century

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During the early 18th century Hungary was little-known in Britain, and its reputation was negative. That steadily changed as travellers reported on the progress in that distant land.[1] British observers saw Hungary as both a country and a province. However, the Russian invasion of 1849 caused an outpouring of sympathy for Hungary as a victim. By 1900 British observers saw Hungary as an integral part of the Austro-Hungarian empire.[2]

From 1848 to 1914 the status of Hungary played a minor role in British diplomacy.[3] London's main goal was the peaceful maintenance of the balance of power. It called for a satisfied and stable Hungary to counterbalance Russia and the Slavs residing within the Habsburg Empire. British sympathies toward Hungary did not extend to the recognition of Hungarian independence from Habsburg rule. The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 under Lajos Kossuth gained strong support across Britain in 1848–1851.[4] However, Kossuth's calls for independence from the Austrian Empire did not become British policy. Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston told Parliament the Britain would consider it a great misfortune to Europe if Hungary became independent. He argued that a united Austrian Empire was a European necessity and a natural ally of Britain.[5] Liberal reformers in Hungary closely watched Britain as a model for the sort of parliamentary government they were seeking. They were especially attracted to the British free-trade movement. They outwitted reactionary censorship. Under the pretext of criticizing British conditions, they agitated in favour of a change in feudal Hungary.[6][7]

20th century

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In 1924 the Bank of England reached agreement with the Royal Hungarian Note Institution. Britain financed Hungary's reconstruction and re-entry into European commerce. This represented a major expansion of the foreign relations of both nations, and was part of a British effort to forestall inroads into Europe from New York banks.[8]

During WWII, UK didn't declare war on Hungary until 5 December 1941.[9]

On 2–4 February 1984,[10][11][12] Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher visited Hungary, in her first official visit to the Eastern Bloc.[13] She met with Prime Minister György Lázár and First Secretary János Kádár, but their meeting was cancelled at the last minute. She also laid a wreath at Hősök tere and the Commonwealth War Cemetery in Solymár.[14]

Resident diplomatic missions

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Embassy of the United Kingdom, Budapest

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The Embassy of the United Kingdom in Budapest is the chief diplomatic mission of the United Kingdom in Hungary.

 
British Embassy in Hungary under Swiss protection during World War II.

From 1922 up until the Second World War, the British Embassy in Budapest was located at Táncsics utca 1 in the Castle District of the city. It operated for just two decades, until Hungary entered the Second World War, at which time the British left and the Swiss took their place, since the interests of enemy countries were represented by neutral Switzerland. Between 1942 and 1945, Swiss Vice-Consul Carl Lutz worked in the British Embassy building.[15] Lutz was the Swiss consul general who saved tens of thousands of Jews during the Holocaust, which has been commemorated by a plaque on the facade since 2012.[16] The building suffered serious damage during the siege of Budapest. It remained in ruins for decades, at the beginning of the 1960s, the British submitted a plan for its complete modernization, but this was rejected by the National Monuments Authority, so it was sold to the Hungarian state in 1967, which renovated it into the office's headquarters in the following years.[16]

In the 1960s, the British embassy was located on Harmincad utca in a building which was originally constructed in Secessionist style by the Hungarian builder Károly Reiner to be the headquarters of Hazai Bank. Following the German occupation of Hungary in 1944, Swedish consul Raoul Wallenberg rented space in this bank and declared it as an official Swedish consulate that could not be entered by Nazi authorities, to eventually shelter many Hungarian Jews. A plaque on the building’s corner commemorates Wallenberg’s deeds.[17]

In April 2017, the British Embassy moved out of its building in Harmincad utca after 70 years, into an office building at 5-7 Füge utca in the Rózsadomb (District II) district of Budapest. The new embassy building previously served as the home to the Dutch Embassy to Hungary.[18][19] Minister for Europe Sir Alan Duncan and Hungarian Minister for Foreign Affairs Péter Szijjártós officially opened the new Embassy building.[20] In March 2020, at the height of the Coronavirus pandemic, Steven Dick, the deputy head of mission at the British embassy in Budapest died from COVID-19.[21]

The embassy also represents the British Overseas Territories in Hungary.[citation needed]

The current British Ambassador to Hungary is Paul Fox.[22]

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    British Embassy, Budapest (1922-1939)
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    British Embassy, Budapest (1948-2017)
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    A countdown to the 2012 London Olympics, outside the Embassy
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    British Embassy, Budapest (2017–present)

Embassy of Hungary, London

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The Embassy of Hungary in London is the diplomatic mission of Hungary in the United Kingdom.[23] Opposite the embassy itself can be found the Hungarian Economic, Investment & Trade Commission and the Hungarian National Tourist Office at 46 Eaton Place.[23] A Hungarian Cultural Centre is also maintained at 10 Maiden Lane in Covent Garden.[23] The consular section of the embassy is located at 100 Brompton Road.[24] In addition, Hungary has a consulate-general in Manchester, Cardiff and Edinburgh.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ G. F. Cushing, "Eighteenth century Hungary through British eyes," New Hungarian Quarterly (1979) 20#74 pp 151-165.
  2. ^ Evans, (2003).
  3. ^ G. Jeszenszky, "The Hungarian Question In British-Politics, 1848-1914." New Hungarian Quarterly 26#100 (1985): 162-170.
  4. ^ Zsuzsanna Lada, "The Invention of a Hero: Lajos Kossuth in England (1851)." European History Quarterly 43.1 (2013): 5-26.
  5. ^ Klari Kingston, "Gunboat liberalism: Palmerston, Europe and 1848 " History Today 47.2 (1997): 37-43 at p 41
  6. ^ Urbán, (1980)
  7. ^ Haraszti, (1961).
  8. ^ Péteri, (1984):
  9. ^ "BBC - WW2 People's War - Timeline".
  10. ^ "British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher arrived in Hungary Thursday..." UPI. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  11. ^ "Kádár és a Vaslady 1. rész - Magyar Szemle". www.magyarszemle.hu. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  12. ^ "A politika, a tudomány és a művészet 1984-ben". artpool.hu. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  13. ^ "Baroness Thatcher And The Transformation Of Hungary - Hungarian Review". www.hungarianreview.com. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  14. ^ "A visit to Budapest, 2-4 February 1984 | Margaret Thatcher Foundation". www.margaretthatcher.org. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  15. ^ "Former palace of monument protection in Buda castle - The building on Táncsics Street has a new owner". PestBuda. 30 November 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  16. ^ a b "Itt a vége: a műemlékvédelem szimbólumának tartott vári palotát is eladta a kormány". valaszonline. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  17. ^ "The fascinating history of Budapest's British Embassy building". We Love Budapest. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  18. ^ "Elköltözik a budapesti brit nagykövetség". HVG.HU. 19 April 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  19. ^ "British Embassy Budapest moves to a new address". FCDO. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  20. ^ "New British Embassy building officially inaugurated". Budapest Business Journal. 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  21. ^ "Coronavirus: Steven Dick, British embassy diplomat in Budapest, dies from COVID-19". Sky News. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  22. ^ "British Embassy Budapest". FCO.gov.uk.
  23. ^ a b c "The London Diplomatic List" (PDF). 14 December 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2013.
  24. ^ https://london.mfa.gov.hu/page/consular-offices-and-consular-districts-in-the-uk

Further reading

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  • Bán, András. Hungarian-British Diplomacy, 1938-1941: The Attempt to Maintain Relations (Psychology Press, 2004).
  • Bátonyi, Gábor. Britain & Central Europe, 1918-1933 (1999) 240pp
  • Bridge F. R. Great Britain and Austria-Hungary 1906-14 (1972).
  • Evans, R. J. W. "Hungary in the Habsburg Monarchy in the nineteenth century: The British dimension." Hungarian Quarterly 44.171 (2003) pp p111-121.
  • Frank, Tibor. Picturing Austria-Hungary: The British Perception of the Habsburg Monarchy 1865-1870 (2006)
  • Haraszti, É. H. "Contemporary Hungarian Reactions to the Anti-Corn Law Movement." Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 8.3/4 (1961): 381-403 online.
  • Haraszti, Éva H. "British Reflections on the Decisive Year of Post-War Hungary: 1948." Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 27.1/2 (1981): 189-204 online.
  • Jeszenszky, G. "The Hungarian Question in British-Politics, 1848-1914." New Hungarian Quarterly 26#100 (1985): 162–170.
  • Laszlo, Peter, and Martyn Rady, British-Hungarian Relations Since 1848 (2004), 366pp.
  • Macartney, C. A. Hungary, a Short History (1962) online
  • Max, Stanley M. United States, Great Britain & the Sovietization of Hungary, 1945-48 (1985), 195pp.
  • Meszerics, Tamás. "Undermine, or bring them over: SOE and OSS plans for Hungary in 1943." Journal of Contemporary History 43.2 (2008): 195–216. SOE was British and OSS was American; they barely cooperated. online
  • Péteri, György. "'Tying up a Loose End' British Foreign Economic Strategy in 1924: The Hungarian Stabilization." Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 30#3/4 (1984): 321–351. online[dead link‍]
  • Szenczi, N. J. "British Influences on Hungarian Literature" Slavonic and East European Review 24#63 (1946), pp. 172–179 online
  • Urbán, Aladár. "Attempts at reform and the lessons of history: constitutional models and the beginnings of political journalism in feudal Hungary, 1841-1842" Etudes Historiques Hongroises (1980) 151#1, pp 463–492.
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