Hurd's Deep (or Hurd Deep) is an underwater valley in the English Channel, northwest of the Channel Islands. Its maximum depth is about 180 m (590 ft; 98 fathoms), making it the deepest point in the English Channel.
Toponym
editThe feature was named after the British Royal Naval Captain Thomas Hurd (1747–1823), who was the second Hydrographer of the Navy. It was chosen by the RN marine cartographer Admiral Martin White.[1]
Geology
editHurd's deep began to form in the Pleistocene of the late Quaternary period (in the last 750,000 - 500,000 years). Successive melting periods after ice ages caused water to gouge out a deep water trench through a river valley system that now forms the seabed in the eastern part end of the English Channel. At some point a catastrophic flood from the southern North Sea basin created Hurd's Deep. It's believed that the collapse of a chalk ridge that once dammed the Strait of Dover let flood waters from a huge proglacial lake flow through the former river systems scouring down to the bedrock forming the trench.[2][3]
During the Last Glacial Period, which ended 11,700 years ago, sea levels dropped again to the point that the English Channel became an area of river valleys. Due to its depth, Hurd's Deep likely remained flooded by seawater. It might have been a glacial refugium.[4]
Hurd's Deep has an approximate length of 150 kilometres (80 nautical miles) with a width of between 2 and 5 km (1 and 2+1⁄2 nmi). It terminates abruptly at the western end. The seafloor around the trench is typically flat with a depth range of 70–90 m (230–300 ft; 40–50 fathoms). But within the trench the maximum depth is 170 m (560 ft; 93 fathoms).[5] Hurd's Deep is the deepest point in the English Channel.[6]
History
editDeep sea ordnance disposal
editFollowing the First World War, Hurd's Deep was used by the British Government as a dumping ground for both chemical and conventional munitions.[7] Following the Second World War, it was used to dump military equipment, munitions and weaponry left behind by the ousted German invaders of the Channel Islands.[8] Routine dumping of British munitions carried on until 1974.[7][9][a]
Between 1946 and 1973 the area was also used for the dumping of low- and intermediate-level radioactive wastes. 28,500 barrels of waste – including plutonium, which has a half-life of 24,100 years – were disposed of into the Deep during this period.[10][11]
Wrecks
editSMS Baden was scuttled there in 1921.[12] The British submarine HMS Affray sank in Hurd's Deep in 1951 with the loss of 75 lives.[13]
In popular culture
editIn Harry Collingwood's science fiction stories about the Flying-Fish airship-submarine, the Flying-Fish is hidden in Hurd's Deep between adventures.[b]
Citations
editNotes
edit- ^ Admiralty Chart No 2649 English Channel Western Portion of 1955 shows munitions have been dumped there but cannot confirm further details
- ^ The three stories are:
- The Log of the ‘Flying Fish’: A Story of Aerial and Submarine Peril and Adventure (1887)
- With Airship and Submarine: A Tale of Adventure (1907)
- The Cruise of the 'Flying-Fish': The Airship-Submarine (1924)
References
edit- ^ Davies, Martin (1973). "Martin White RN". La Société Jersiaise. The Island Wiki. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
- ^ Smith, Alec J. (1985). "A catastrophic origin for the palaeovalley system of the eastern English Channel". Marine Geology. 64 (1–2): 65–75. Bibcode:1985MGeol..64...65S. doi:10.1016/0025-3227(85)90160-4.
- ^ Gupta, Sanjeev; Collier, Jenny S.; Palmer-Felgate, Andy; Potter, Graeme (2007). "Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel". Nature. 448 (7151): 342–345. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..342G. doi:10.1038/nature06018. PMID 17637667. S2CID 4408290.
- ^ Provan, Jim; Bennett, K.D. (2008). "Phylogeographic insights into cryptic glacial refugia". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 23 (10): 564–571. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.06.010. PMID 18722689.
- ^ Lericolais, G.; Guennoc, P.; Auffret, J. P.; Bourillet, J. F.; Berne, S. (7 October 1996). "Detailed survey of the western end of the Hurd Deep (English Channel): new facts for a tectonic origin". In De Batist, M.; Jacobs, P. (eds.). Geology of Siliciclastic Shelf Seas. Geological Society. ISBN 978-1897799710.
- ^ Oggioni (2013), p. 42.
- ^ a b Replacement Metallic Return Conductors - Marine Environmental Report (PDF) (Report). Vol. 4. Moyle Interconnector Ltd. December 2014. pp. D3–D4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
- ^ Carr, Gilly (7 March 2014). Legacies of Occupation: Heritage, Memory and Archaeology in the Channel Islands. p. 30. ISBN 978-3319034065.
- ^ "Alderney Hurd Deep radioactive waste 'not dangerous'". BBC. 18 April 2013. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
- ^ Nuclear dumping leak sparks concern Archived 11 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine – BBC, 17 January 2002
- ^ "Thousands of radioactive waste barrels rusting". Greenpeace. 19 June 2000. Archived from the original on 28 June 2009.
- ^ Schleihauf, p. 81.
- ^ "1951: Fears for crew of lost British submarine". 17 April 1951. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2007.
Further reading
edit- Oggioni, Francesa (2013). Characterization of catastrophic flood-related features in the English Channel (PDF) (Phd). London: Imperial College. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2020.
- Schleihauf, William (2007). "The Baden Trials". In Preston, Antony (ed.). Warship 2007. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-84486-041-8.