The longtail stingray (Hypanus longus, often misspelled longa),[1] is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, found in the eastern Pacific Ocean from Baja California to Colombia. It inhabits sandy habitats down to a depth of 90 m (300 ft). Measuring up to 1.56 m (5.1 ft) across, this species has a rhomboid pectoral fin disc, a lower (but not upper) fin fold on the tail, and numerous dermal denticles along the back and behind the stinging spine. The longtail stingray feeds mainly on bottom-dwelling bony fishes and crustaceans. It is aplacental viviparous, with females giving birth to 1–5 young in late summer. It is caught for food, likely throughout its range, but specific fishery data is lacking.
| Longtail stingray | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Order: | Myliobatiformes |
| Family: | Dasyatidae |
| Genus: | Hypanus |
| Species: | H. longus
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| Binomial name | |
| Hypanus longus (Garman, 1880)
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| Range of the longtail stingray | |
| Synonyms | |
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Taxonomy and phylogeny
editAmerican zoologist Samuel Garman published the original description of the longtail stingray in an 1880 issue of the scientific journal Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. He gave it the name Trygon longa, in reference to the long tail, and designated a specimen from Acapulco, Mexico and another from Panama as the syntypes. Subsequent authors placed this species in the genus Dasyatis.[2] A 2001 phylogenetic analysis by Lisa Rosenberger, based on morphological characters, found that the southern stingray (H. americanus) of the western Atlantic is the sister species of the longtail stingray. These two species may have evolutionarily diverged with the formation of the Isthmus of Panama (c. 3 Ma).[3]
Distribution and habitat
editThe longtail stingray is found along the tropical Pacific coast of the Americas, from central Baja California (though it may occur as far north as San Diego, California) to Colombia, including the Revillagigedo and Galapagos Islands. This species inhabits sandy or muddy flats to a depth of 90 m (300 ft), often near rocky or coral reefs, or in estuaries.[1][4] In the Galapagos, it was reportedly abundant in the shallow lagoons of mangrove swamps at Fernandina Island.[5]
Description
editThe longtail stingray reaches a maximum known disc width of 1.58 m (5.2 ft), length of 2.57 m (8.4 ft), and weight of 46.4 kg (102 lb).[1][6] It has a diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc about a sixth wider than long, with the outer corners broadly rounded. The front margins are nearly straight, meeting the tip of the snout at a blunt angle. There is a row of five papillae across the floor of the mouth; the two on the sides are smaller than the others. The pelvic fins are rounded.[7] The whip-like tail bears a stinging spine and measures more than twice as long as the disc. Behind the spine, the tail becomes laterally compressed with a low keel above and a short, narrow fin fold below.[7]
There is a row of pointed tubercles running along the midline of the back from between the "shoulders" to the base of the tail. Two much shorter rows of smaller tubercles, slightly converging backward, are found alongside the central row behind the shoulders. Numerous small dermal denticles are also found between the eyes and on the tail behind the spine.[8] The dorsal coloration varies from plain reddish-brown to dark gray, and the underside is light.[4][7] The extent of denticle coverage and number of oral papillae can vary among individuals.[6] The longtail stingray closely resembles the diamond stingray (H. dipterura), which is found in the same region, but can be distinguished by its lack of an upper tail fold. The length of the tail is not a reliable diagnostic character for this species, as it is frequently damaged.[1]
Biology and ecology
editApparently solitary in nature, the longtail stingray is a predator of bottom-dwelling bony fishes and invertebrates, in particular stomatopods, decapods, and molluscs.[6][9] Known parasites of this species include the tapeworms Acanthobothrium cimari, A. cleofanus, A. costarricense, A. puntarenasense, and A. vargasi,[10][11] Anthocephalum lukei and A. michaeli,[12] Parachristianella dimegacantha,[13] Pseudochristianella elegantissima and P. nudiscula,[14] and Pterobothrioides carvajali,[15] and the monogenean Listrocephalos whittingtoni.[16] Like other stingrays, the longtail stingray is aplacental viviparous with the developing embryos sustained initially by yolk and later by histotroph ("uterine milk") produced by the mother. Adult females have a single functional ovary. Near-term females appear to swim into shallow estuaries and tidal creeks to give birth, following a gestation period of 10–11 months, and may mate again immediately after. A litter contains 1–5 young, each measuring about 40 cm (16 in) across. Males mature sexually at 0.8 m (2.6 ft) across, and females at 1.1 m (3.6 ft) across.[1]
Human interactions
editThe tail spine of the longtail stingray is potentially dangerous to humans.[4] This species is of some commercial importance in Mexico, where it is sold fresh or dried and salted.[17] This species is likely landed by inshore fisheries targeting shark and ray throughout Central America; it is caught by bottom trawls and longlines, and is especially susceptible to gillnets as its tail spine easily becomes entangled in the mesh. The impact of fishing on its population is unknown, as fishery landings in the region are poorly monitored and the longtail stingray is not reported separately from other ray species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed this species as vulnerable, while noting that its slow reproductive rate would limit its capacity to recover from over-exploitation.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Pollom, R., Avalos, C., Bizzarro, J., Burgos-Vázquez, M.I., Cevallos, A., Espinoza, M., González, A., Herman, K., Mejía-Falla, P.A., Morales-Saldaña, J.M., Navia, A.F., Pérez Jiménez, J.C. & Sosa-Nishizaki, O. (2020). "Hypanus longus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T60157A124445324. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T60157A124445324.en.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Catalog of Fishes (Online Version) Archived 2015-05-03 at the Wayback Machine. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved on December 2, 2009.
- ^ Rosenberger, L.J.; Schaefer, S. A. (August 6, 2001). Schaefer, S. A. (ed.). "Phylogenetic Relationships within the Stingray Genus Dasyatis (Chondrichthyes: Dasyatidae)". Copeia. 2001 (3): 615–627. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0615:PRWTSG]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85657403.
- ^ a b c Allen, G.R. & D.R. Robertson (1994). Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. University of Hawaii Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8248-1675-9.
- ^ Snodgrass, R.E. & E. Heller (1905). Shore Fishes of the Revillagigedo, Clipperton, Cocos and Galapagos Islands. The Academy. pp. 345–346.
- ^ a b c Grove, J.S. & R.J. Lavenberg (1997). The Fishes of the Galápagos Islands. Stanford University Press. pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-0-8047-2289-6.
- ^ a b c Garman, S. (October 1880). "New species of selachians in the museum collection". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 6 (11): 167–172.
- ^ Gilbert, C.H. & E.C. Starks (1904). "The Fishes of Panama Bay". Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences. IV. Stanford University: 17–18.
- ^ Navia, A.F.; P.A. Mejía-Falla & A. Giraldo (2007). "Feeding ecology of elasmobranch fishes in coastal waters of the Colombian Eastern Tropical Pacific". BMC Ecology. 7 (1): 8 (published online). Bibcode:2007BMCE....7....8N. doi:10.1186/1472-6785-7-8. PMC 2031873. PMID 17877796.
- ^ Monks, S.; D.R. Brooks & G. Perez Ponce de Leon (June 1996). "A new species of Acanthobothrium van Beneden, 1849 (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) in Dasyatis longus Garman (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Dasyatididae) from Chamela Bay, Jalisco, Mexico". Journal of Parasitology. 82 (3): 484–488. doi:10.2307/3284090. JSTOR 3284090. PMID 8636857. S2CID 10573826.
- ^ Marques, F.; D.R. B & S. Monks (December 1995). "Five new species of Acanthobothrium van Beneden, 1849 (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) in stingrays from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica". Journal of Parasitology. 81 (6): 942–951. doi:10.2307/3284046. JSTOR 3284046. PMID 8544069.
- ^ Ruhnke, T.R. & H.B. Seaman (February 2009). "Three new species of Anthocephalum Linton, 1890 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from dasyatid stingrays of the Gulf of California". Systematic Parasitology. 72 (2): 81–95. doi:10.1007/s11230-008-9170-6. PMID 19115083. S2CID 7438797.
- ^ Campbell, R.A. & I. Beveridge (July 2007). "A new species and new records of Parachristianella Dollfus, 1946 (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) from the Gulf of California, Mexico". Comparative Parasitology. 74 (2): 218–228. doi:10.1654/4261.1. S2CID 83700913.
- ^ Campbell, R.A. & I. Beveridge (December 2006). "Two new species of Pseudochristianella Campbell & Beveridge, 1990 (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) from Elasmobranch fishes from the Gulf of California, Mexico". Parasite. 13 (4): 275–281. doi:10.1051/parasite/2006134275. PMID 17285847.
- ^ Campbell, R.A. & I. Beveridge (October 1997). "Pterobothrioides, a new genus of tapeworms (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha: Pterobothriidae) from dasyatid stingrays in the eastern Atlantic and Pacific oceans". Systematic Parasitology. 38 (2): 81–91. doi:10.1023/A:1005805005267. S2CID 2977359.
- ^ Bullard, S.A.; R.R. Payne & J.S. Braswell (December 2004). "New genus with two new species of capsalid monogeneans from dasyatids in the Gulf of California". Journal of Parasitology. 90 (6): 1412–1427. doi:10.1645/GE-304R. PMID 15715238. S2CID 37124160.
- ^ Escobar-Sánchez, O.; F. Galván-Magaña; C.A. Downton-Hoffmann; M. Carrera-Fernández & V.G. Alatorre-Ramírez (2009). "First record of a morphological abnormality in the longtail stingray Dasyatis longa (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) in the Gulf of California, Mexico" (PDF). Marine Biodiversity Records. 2: e26 (published online). Bibcode:2009MBdR....2E..26E. doi:10.1017/S1755267208000304. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
External links
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- Photos of Longtail stingray on Sealife Collection