Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatotropic axis

The hypothalamic–pituitary–somatotropic axis (HPS axis), or hypothalamic–pituitary–somatic axis, also known as the hypothalamic–pituitary–growth axis, is a hypothalamic–pituitary axis which includes the secretion of growth hormone (GH; somatotropin) from the somatotropes of the pituitary gland into the circulation and the subsequent stimulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1; somatomedin-1) production by GH in tissues such as, namely, the liver.^[1]^[2]^[3] Other hypothalamic–pituitary hormones such as growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH; somatocrinin), growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH; somatostatin), and ghrelin (GHS) are involved in the control of GH secretion from the pituitary gland.^[1] The HPS axis is involved in postnatal human growth.^[1] Individuals with growth hormone deficiency or Laron syndrome (GHRTooltip growth hormone receptor insensitivity) show symptoms like short stature, dwarfism and obesity, but are also protected from some forms of cancer.^[4]^[5] Conversely, acromegaly and gigantism are conditions of GH and IGF-1 excess usually due to a pituitary tumor, and are characterized by overgrowth and tall stature.^[6]^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c J. Larry Jameson (22 March 2013). Harrison's Endocrinology, 3E. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-07-181487-4.
^ Rainer Straub (8 April 2015). The Origin of Chronic Inflammatory Systemic Diseases and their Sequelae. Elsevier Science. pp. 70–. ISBN 978-0-12-803322-7.
^ P.J. Buttery; D.B. Lindsay; N.B. Haynes (22 January 2016). Control and Manipulation of Animal Growth: Proceedings of Previous Easter Schools in Agricultural Science. Elsevier Science. pp. 259–. ISBN 978-1-4831-6186-0.
^ De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Murray PG, Clayton PE (2000). "Disorders of Growth Hormone in Childhood". PMID 25905205.
^ Laron Z, Kauli R, Lapkina L, Werner H (2017). "IGF-I deficiency, longevity and cancer protection of patients with Laron syndrome". Mutat. Res. 772: 123–133. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.08.002. PMID 28528685.
^ Adigun O, Mesfin F (2017). "Acromegaly". PMID 28613738.
^ De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Eugster E (2000). "Gigantism". PMID 25905378.

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