Wikipedia

SkyTrain (Vancouver) rolling stock

(Redirected from Hyundai Rotem EMU)

The SkyTrain is a rapid transit system located in the Metro Vancouver region of the Canadian province of British Columbia, with a number of different models of rolling stock.

SkyTrain rolling stock
Innovia Metro Mark III train near Nanaimo station
In service
  • Expo & Millennium Lines:
  • Mark I: 1985–present (150)
  • Mark II: 2002–present (108)
  • Mark III: 2016–present (84)
  • Canada Line:
  • EMU: 2009–present (64)
Manufacturer
Number built406 cars
Number in service406 cars
Formation
  • 6 cars per trainset (Mark I)
  • 4 cars per trainset (Mark II/III)
  • 2 cars per trainset (EMU/Mark II)
Operators
  • British Columbia Rapid Transit Company (Expo & Millennium Lines)
  • ProTrans BC (Canada Line)
Depots
  • Expo & Millennium Lines:
  • SkyTrain Operation and Maintenance Centre (1985–present)
  • Coquitlam Maintenance Centre (2016–present)
  • Canada Line:
  • Canada Line Operation and Maintenance Centre (2009–present)
Specifications
Maximum speed80 km/h (50 mph)[1]
Traction system
  • UTDC ICTS Mark I: UTDC GTO–VVVF[2]
  • Bombardier ART Mark II
  •   Batch 1: Toshiba linear IGBT–VVVF[3]
  •   Batches 2–3: Bombardier MITRAC IGBT–VVVF[2]
  • Bombardier Innovia Metro Mark III: Bombardier MITRAC IGBT-VVVF[2]
  • Hyundai Rotem EMU: Mitsubishi IGBT-VVVF[4][5]
Traction motors
Electric system(s)
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge

Summary

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Summary of SkyTrain fleet
Builder Model Year acquired Quantity Fleet numbers
Urban Transportation Development Corporation ICTS Mark I 1984–1986 114 cars 001–056; 061–118
1990–1991 16 cars 121–136
1994–1995 20 cars 137–156
Bombardier Transportation ART Mark II 2000–2002 60 cars 201–260
2009 34 cars 301–334
2010 14 cars 335–348
Innovia Metro Mark III 2016 28 cars 401–428
2018–2020 56 cars 429–484
Hyundai Rotem EMU 2009 40 cars 101–120; 201–220
2019–2020 24 cars 121–132; 221–232
Standard SkyTrain train configuration and capacity[6]
Model Length/car Seats/car Capacity/car Cars/train Length/train Capacity/train
ICTS Mark I (1984–1995) 12.7 m (41 ft 8 in) 22–36 ~80 4 cars 50.8 m (166 ft 8 in) 332
6 cars 76.2 m (250 ft 0 in) 498
ART Mark II (2000–2002) 17.35 m (56 ft 11+1⁄8 in) 42 123 2 cars 34.7 m (113 ft 10+1⁄8 in) 256
4 cars 69.4 m (227 ft 8+1⁄4 in) 512
ART Mark II (2nd generation; 2009/2010) 33 130 2 cars 34.7 m (113 ft 10+1⁄8 in) 264
4 cars 69.4 m (227 ft 8+1⁄4 in) 528
Innovia Metro Mark III (2016–present) 17.025 m (55 ft 10+1⁄4 in) 30–33 131–135 4 cars 68.1 m (223 ft 5+1⁄8 in) 532
Hyundai Rotem EMU (2009–present) 20.5 m (67 ft 3+1⁄8 in) 44 167 2 cars 41 m (134 ft 6+1⁄8 in) 334

Expo Line and Millennium Line fleets

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The Expo Line and Millennium Line Bombardier Advanced Rapid Transit (ART) technology is a system of automated trains driven by linear induction motors, formerly known as the Intermediate Capacity Transit System (ICTS). These trains reach speeds of 80 km/h (49.7 mph);[1] including wait times at stops, the end-to-end average speed is 45 km/h (28.0 mph), three times faster than a bus and almost twice as fast as a B-Line express bus.[7]

UTDC ICTS Mark I

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Mark I SkyTrain at 22nd Street Station
 
The interior of an older Mark I train

The original fleet consists of 12 metres (39 ft 4+1⁄2 in) lightweight Mark I ICTS cars from Urban Transportation Development Corporation, similar to those used by Line 3 Scarborough in Toronto (until its closure in July 2023) and the Detroit People Mover.[8] Mark I vehicles are composed of mated pairs and normally run as six-car trains, but can also be run in two- and four-car configurations. The maximum based on station platform lengths is a six-car configuration, totaling 72 metres (236 ft 2+5⁄8 in) The SkyTrain fleet currently includes 150 Mark I trains.[9] These trains have side-facing seats; red, white, and blue interiors; and two doors per car. However, some repainted units feature only blue and white interiors.

Each Mark I car has 36 seats and a capacity of 80 passengers.[10] Mark I trains have spaces dedicated for wheelchair users, bicycles, and strollers.

 
Repainted Mark I in new livery

The Mark I ICTS cars built between 1984 and 1986 for the first phase of the Expo Line featured two end-doors, one at the front and back of each car. The back side of each car had sections painted in black. These trains were different from the test train couple used during the ICTS testing in 1983. There are a total of 150 Mark I cars: 114 dating from 1984–1986, which have run an average of more than 3.2 million km apiece; 16 added in 1991 for the Scott Road extension; and 20 added in 1994 for the King George extension.[citation needed]

In 1991, additional Mark I ICTS cars were purchased. These newer cars featured no end doors, and the back side was not coloured black. The ends of each car had no doors; instead, the windows were slightly enlarged and the front was equipped with an electric motor driven windshield wiper.[citation needed] Trains include a fold-down seat near the front ends that permit a rider a view of the tracks from the end car.

When the 1984/86 fleet of ICTS cars were introduced, floors were carpet-lined, intended as a way to showcase SkyTrain as an elegant world class system. However, as maintaining the carpets proved difficult and sanitation issues quickly became a concern, they were replaced with wax flooring in mid-1992. The Expo fleet of trains also initially equipped with passenger-initiated door buttons, meaning that individual door sets only opened at the push of a button when passengers wished to get on or off at a particular station. The buttons were removed between 1989 and 1991, due in large part to passenger confusion as to how to properly use the buttons as well as doors jamming, thus leading to the issue of frequent system-wide or area-specific delays.[citation needed]

Between the late 1990s and early 2000s, just prior to the opening of the Millennium Line, SkyTrain gradually refurbished the entire Mark I train fleet in terms of design and layout. This included minor and major paint scheme changes before and following the shift from BC Transit to TransLink, upgrading of signage, changes to seating fabric colour scheme and seating arrangement, and a complete re-recording of the station announcement system that had been in use since 1985.[citation needed]

From the beginning of the system's revenue opening in January 1986, SkyTrain operated daytime service with two-car and four-car Mark I trains running at a target five-minute frequency. During Expo 86, four-car trains were primarily used to manage the large-scale population flow of the fair. In the years following, two-car trains were operated on off-peak hours, late evenings and Sundays, while four-car trains were used to handle peak periods and large downtown events such as concerts, marathons, and hockey games. Two-car trains were gradually phased out between 1990 and 1993 in response to complaints about overcrowding.[citation needed] At the opening of the second part of the phase two extension to Scott Road station in 1990, six-car trains were used for the first time at reduced frequency while an operation glitch in the system's computer network had to be corrected and re-programmed.

Prior to the opening of the Millennium Line, four-car trains became standard because SkyTrain could operate frequent service (about 150 seconds) during peak hours. The opening of GM Place (today called Rogers Arena) also brought an increase in the number of special events (hockey, concerts, and the short-lived trial of basketball) which required extended capacity during the evenings.[citation needed] Two-car trains only operate during train maintenance and testing at the BCRTC Edmonds Maintenance and Storage Facility in Burnaby.

In 2013, the oldest 114 Mark I cars began being refurbished to extend their intended lifespan another fifteen years, from 2011 to 2026.[11] The refurbishment included an interior and exterior repainting (in the current blue–grey TransLink livery), removal of seats to increase capacity, and the replacement of various systems.[12] As of July 2017, these original cars were all repainted, but not all refurbished. The project, which would ultimately see all Mark I cars updated, was expected to be finished in April 2020.[11]

As of October 22, 2016, leading up to the opening of the Evergreen Extension on December 2, Mark I trains no longer mainly operate as four-car trains; they commonly operate in a six-car configuration (though four-car formations do occasionally appear should there be additional cars in maintenance).[13]

Bombardier ART Mark II

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Exterior of a first-generation Mark II train
 
First-generation Mark II trains have more spacious interiors than Mark I trains, which allow them to carry more riders in trains of the same size.
 
Second-generation Mark II trains have a row of seats removed to allow for greater capacity than first-generation Mark IIs.

When the Millennium Line was built, TransLink ordered new-generation Mark II ART trains from Bombardier Transportation, 50 of which were manufactured in a Burnaby factory.[14] Similar trains are used in Kuala Lumpur's Kelana Jaya Line, New York's JFK AirTrain, and the Beijing Airport Express. These trains are usually seen in two-car and four-car configurations. Each pair of cars is permanently joined together in a twin unit or "married pair", with a length of 33.4 metres (109 ft 7 in). Mark II trains have a streamlined front and rear, an articulated joint allowing passengers to walk the length of a married pair, white/grey/blue interiors, and three doors per car.

Like Mark I trains, Mark II vehicles are fully accessible, with dedicated spaces for wheelchair users, strollers, and bicycles. The first-generation Mark II vehicles each have 41 seats and a capacity of 130 passengers, although trains have carried up to 150 passengers under crush load.[10]

 
Exterior of second generation Mark II train

There were 60 Mark II cars added in 2002 for the Millennium Line and ridership growth on the Expo Line.[15] In November 2006, Bombardier won a contract to supply a further 34 second-generation ART Mark II cars with a bid of $113 million. The second-generation Mark II vehicles have fewer seats and wider aisles than their first-generation counterparts, providing more space for standees, wheelchairs, strollers, and bicycles; they have 33 seats and a total capacity of 145 passengers. The second-generation Mark II trains also feature interactive LED maps, destination boards in the front and back windows of the train, more handlebars, door indicator lights, and video cameras.[16] These cars were painted in the newer TransLink livery appearing on buses at the time. The trains were manufactured and assembled in Sahagun, Mexico, and Thunder Bay, Ontario.[17] An additional 14 ART Mark II second-generation cars were ordered for delivery in early 2010.[18] The first of these trains entered regular service on July 3, 2009.

With the acquisition of the initial 60 larger Mark II cars in 2002, SkyTrain chose to operate most in two-car trains (capacity ~260 passengers). This was a reasonable match to the four-car Mark I trains (~320 passengers), allowing six-minute off-peak service on both branches of the line and three-minute service on the inner portion between Waterfront and Columbia stations, while sustaining a practical operation during peak hours (55 trains in service, with a 108-second frequency between Waterfront and Columbia stations).[citation needed]

With the May 2010 fleet expansion of 48 cars to accommodate ridership growth, SkyTrain reconfigured most of the first- and second-generation Mark II cars into four-car trains, which provide more capacity with the same number of trains (55) at the same headway (108 seconds).[citation needed]

Bombardier Innovia Metro 300 (ART Mark III)

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Four-car Bombardier Innovia Metro 300 (ART Mark III) train parked at Stadium–Chinatown station's spare platform
 
Interior of Mark III car looking toward the end. Notice one side with no seats and the larger windows.
 
Interior of Mark III car looking toward the centre. Notice the walkway and gangway are even wider than the Mark II second generation.

When SkyTrain expanded operations by adding additional train capacity to existing lines (notably the busiest route, the Expo Line), as well as constructing new lines that use LIM rail for propulsion (such as the Evergreen Extension), TransLink placed further orders for Bombardier ART train cars. The construction for Evergreen Extension included the purchase of 28 new cars[19] and an option (which was exercised on December 16, 2016)[20] to order 28 additional cars to increase network capacity. As part of plans to gradually increase Expo Line capacity, eventual operation of five-car Mark II trains is anticipated to maximize usage of the current 80-metre (260 ft) platform length. Extending platform length at existing Expo Line stations was not under consideration as of 2010.[6]

The Bombardier ART Mark III model, also known as Innovia Metro 300, is the newest iteration and redesign from the original UTDC ICTS model. Its dimensions are similar to the Mark II, with the vehicles appearing sleeker and having larger windows on both sides of the train, along with redesigned windows and headlights on the ends of the cars. Vehicle capacity was improved through redesigned interior layout, such as the removal of a section of seats. Also similar to the trains used on Canada Line, the Mark III cars have large LED displays on the ends of the exterior and interior of the train, displaying the terminus station on exterior signs, with interior displays showing next station, terminus station, and system announcement information.[21]

The first Mark III vehicles of the initial 28-car order entered service on August 18, 2016, on the Expo Line.[22] They were temporarily pulled from service pending further testing on September 26, 2016, when one of the trainsets lost power while crossing the Skybridge a few days earlier.[23] An additional 28 cars were ordered later that year and arrived beginning in 2018;[24] that second 28-car order was later expanded to 56 cars in early 2018, all of which were delivered by 2019 as part of the 10-year vision plan, bringing the total of Mark III cars in service to 84.[25][26][27]

In November 2021, it was revealed that TransLink was reserving the Mark IV designation in the event it upgraded select Mark III trains in the future.[28]

Alstom Mark V

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In December 2020, TransLink announced the purchase of 205 SkyTrain cars from Bombardier at a cost of approximately $722 million.[29][30] These trains are designated to replace the first-generation Mark I trains, to expand the fleet for the Broadway extension, and to improve capacity on the Expo and Millennium Lines. They will be formed as 41 five-car trains, a first on the SkyTrain network, as all trains up to this point currently have operated in two-, four-, or six-car configurations. There will be several improvements in contrast to the Mark III trains such as passenger WiFi, information display screens, a new seating layout, bike racks, and an overall increase in reliability.[31][32] Each five-car Mark V train will be able to carry 672 passengers regularly, both seated and standing, with a potential crush capacity of up to 1,207 passengers.[33]

In November 2021, it was revealed that the new cars would carry the designation "Mark V". These would be the first SkyTrain vehicles made by French manufacturer Alstom after their acquisition of Bombardier Transportation in January 2021.[31] It was also at this time that a mockup was sent to TransLink to aid in the design phase.[31][32] As of 2020, the plan was to have one train to arrive per month between June 2024 and September 2027.[34] The order contains an option for the purchase of up to 400 additional cars to support future fleet expansion, replacement, and system extension projects.[35] Assembly for the first cars began in June 2022 at Alstom's Quebec manufacturing plant.[36] Minor construction work was in progress as of February 2023 at select Expo Line stations in order to prepare for the arrival of the first Mark V trains.[37] The first Mark V train was assembled and was undergoing testing at Alstom's facility in Kingston, Ontario, as of August 2023.[38] The first train arrived in December 2023 for testing.[39]

In May 2024, Alstom announced that it would be manufacturing an additional 30 Mark V vehicles (six sets) at a cost of $68 million.[40]

Timeline

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Mark I
Mark II
Mark III
│
1985
│
1990
│
1995
│
2000
│
2005
│
2010
│
2015
│
2020
│
2025
Rolling stock transitions since 1985

Canada Line fleet

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Hyundai Rotem EMU

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"Hyundai Rotem EMU" redirects here. For the trains of the MTR in Hong Kong, see MTR Rotem EMU and MTR Hyundai Rotem EMU.
 
Exterior of a Canada Line train
 
Canada Line's Hyundai Rotem trains are wider than Bombardier Mark II trains, with spaces assigned for bicycles and luggage.

The Canada Line's Hyundai Rotem cars use different train propulsion technology than Bombardier ART cars, being powered by conventional electric motors rather than Linear Induction Motor (LIM) technology, and are therefore incompatible with the other SkyTrain lines. There are a total of 32 trainsets, which were built by Hyundai Rotem in Changwon, South Korea.[41][42] The trains operate as two-carriage articulated units, and can reach a speed of 80 km/h (49.7 mph) in normal operations, or 90 km/h (55.9 mph) in catch-up mode.[43] The trains are operated by the same SelTrac automated train control system used in the rest of the SkyTrain network. They are maintained at a yard next to Bridgeport station in Richmond.

The Hyundai Rotem cars are 3 m (9 ft 10+1⁄8 in) in width and 20 m (65 ft 7+3⁄8 in) in length, both wider and longer than the Bombardier Mark I, Mark II and Mark III cars. Each two-car train has seating for 88 and a normal capacity of 334 passengers at four passengers per square metre (0.37/sq ft), with crush load capacity of 400.[44] Therefore a two-car Hyundai Rotem train has more capacity than a four-car Mark I train. The trains feature large, dedicated spaces for wheelchair users, bicycles, and strollers, and sufficient space between seats for luggage. The trains also have large LED displays on both ends of the exterior and interior of the train, displaying the terminus station on exterior signs, with interior displays showing next station, terminus station, and system announcement information.

As with the other SkyTrain lines, ridership on the Canada Line is expected to increase in the future, and eventually capacity will need to be upgraded. The capacity of the line can be increased by 50 percent through an increase in frequency by adding more trains and another 50 percent through lengthening trains to a three-car configuration.[45][46] An experiment in August 2016 saw two trains with 20 seats removed in each train in an attempt to increase passenger capacity.[47] Unlike Bombardier ART trains, the Hyundai Rotem trains will not be operated as longer four- or six-car trains. Through inserting a middle "C" car at the articulated joint between two end cars, available capacity will be similar to a four-car Mark II or a six-car Mark I train. The Canada Line's station platforms are expandable to 50 m (164 ft 1 in) in length to accommodate these future three-car trains; the five busiest stations are already 50 m (164 ft 1 in) in length. The Canada Line has a designed future capacity of 15,000 pphpd when operating three-car trains at two-minute headways.[48]

When the line opened in 2009, the line was served by 20 trainsets, which were delivered from South Korea in 2007 and 2008.[41] In 2018, twelve additional trainsets were ordered from Hyundai Rotem at a cost of $88 million to increase capacity on the line.[42] These were delivered in 2019 and 2020.[49][50]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Quick Facts". Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  2. ^ a b c "The night shift on the SkyTrain guideway". The Buzzer blog. TransLink. Archived from the original on July 22, 2018. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  3. ^ "History | Railway Systems | Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation | Transportation System History List". toshiba.co.up. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
  4. ^ "Canada Line Fact Sheet The Canada Line Vehicle" (PDF). canadaline.ca. Canada Line Rapid Transit Inc. December 14, 2007. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  5. ^ Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority; Hyundai Rotem. "MBTA – New Orange and Red Line Vehicles – Section C" (PDF). p. 32. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  6. ^ a b "Expo Line Upgrade Strategy" (PDF). translink.ca. September 21, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  7. ^ "Burnaby/New Westminster Area Transit Plan Summary Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2005. Retrieved December 13, 2006.
  8. ^ "Vancouver SkyTrain Network, Canada". railway-technology.com. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
  9. ^ "Specifications: Vancouver SkyTrain Network, Canada". railway-technology.com. Archived from the original on September 16, 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
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  12. ^ Meiszner, Peter (November 20, 2013). "Translink begins refurbishing 114 Skytrain cars to extend lifespan". Global News. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
  13. ^ Coling, Adrienne (September 19, 2016). "Everything Evergreen: New SkyTrain operating pattern for Expo and Millennium Lines". The Buzzer blog. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
  14. ^ "Questions about Skytrain $". CBC News. May 25, 2000. Archived from the original on March 21, 2007. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
  15. ^ "Livable Regional Strategic Plan 2002 Report" (PDF). Greater Vancouver Regional District. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
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  17. ^ "Bombardier lands $113M deal with Vancouver SkyTrain". CBC News. November 23, 2006. Archived from the original on March 21, 2007. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
  18. ^ "TransLink to spend $150M on buses, SkyTrain by 2010". CBC News. April 11, 2008. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
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  21. ^ Bombardier. "Bombardier Innovia ART". Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
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  23. ^ Nagel, Jeff (September 26, 2016). "TransLink 'not disappointed' after new SkyTrain stalls". Maple Ridge & Pitt Meadow Times. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
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  25. ^ Saltman, Jennifer (December 17, 2018). "New SkyTrain cars arriving behind schedule". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
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  27. ^ "New Mark III trains undergoing testing and commissioning". The Buzzer Blog. TransLink. December 7, 2018. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  28. ^ Kiedaisch, Zach (November 17, 2021). "What happened to the Mark IV?". The Buzzer blog. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  29. ^ "December 17, 2020 Board Meeting Agenda" (PDF). TransLink. December 10, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  30. ^ Chan, Kenneth (December 17, 2020). "TransLink to buy 205 new SkyTrain cars from Bombardier for $723 million". Daily Hive Vancouver. Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  31. ^ a b c Chan, Kenneth (November 12, 2021). "New SkyTrain car design includes LCD screens, flex space (Photos)". dailyhive.com. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  32. ^ a b Kertcher, Sarah (November 12, 2021). "Take A Sneak Peek Of TransLink's New Mark V SkyTrain". buzzer.translink.ca. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  33. ^ Chan, Kenneth (December 22, 2023). "First new generation SkyTrain cars arrive in Metro Vancouver | Urbanized". dailyhive.com. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  34. ^ "TransLink overhauls aging fleet with largest ever SkyTrain order". TransLink. December 17, 2020. Archived from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  35. ^ "SkyTrain Fleet Contract Award" (PDF). December 10, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 15, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  36. ^ "TransLInk Board of Directors Public Board Meeting Agenda June 23, 2022" (PDF). translink.ca. June 23, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  37. ^ Chan, Kenneth (February 16, 2023). "TransLink begins upgrade of SkyTrain stations to handle longer trains | Urbanized". dailyhive.com. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
  38. ^ "First glimpse of new Mark V SkyTrain cars". translink.ca. August 22, 2023. Archived from the original on August 23, 2023. Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  39. ^ Jackson, Alex (December 22, 2023). "The new Mark V SkyTrain arrives at our Operations and Maintenance Centre". The Buzzer blog. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  40. ^ "Alstom will supply 6 additional Vancouver SkyTrain Mark V trains". Alstom.com. May 28, 2024. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
  41. ^ a b "New Canada Line trains double capacity of current SkyTrain cars". CBC News. December 15, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
  42. ^ a b Chan, Kenneth (February 24, 2018). "TransLink accelerates full order of 80 new SkyTrain cars by 2020". Daily Hive - Urbanized. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
  43. ^ "The Canada Line Factsheet – The Canada Line Vehicle" (PDF). Greater Vancouver Regional District. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
  44. ^ "Canada Line Fact Sheet The Canada Line Vehicle" (PDF). canadaline.ca (TransLink). December 14, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  45. ^ Hardie, Ken. "Translink's Olympic-sized mistake". Archived from the original on January 22, 2010.
  46. ^ Chan, Kenneth (August 14, 2014). "Short platforms and trains: Is the SkyTrain Canada Line under-built and near capacity?". Daily Hive. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  47. ^ "TransLink modifies two Canada Line trains, removes some seats". News1130. August 16, 2016. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
  48. ^ "Canada Line Construction Environmental Management Plan" (PDF). ProTransBC. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  49. ^ Saltman, Jennifer (July 22, 2019). "New Canada Line cars headed for Vancouver". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
  50. ^ Little, Simon (January 21, 2020). "Metro Vancouver's Canada Line adds first 4 of dozen new trains, boosting service". Global News. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
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