ʻĪao Valley (Hawaiian: ʻĪao: "cloud supreme", pronounced similar to "EE-yow") is a lush, stream-cut valley in West Maui, Hawaii, located 3.1 miles (5 km) west of Wailuku. Because of its natural environment and history, it has become a tourist location. It was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1972.[1]
| ʻĪao Valley | |
|---|---|
| ʻĪao Valley | |
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  ʻĪao Valley  ʻĪao Valley ʻĪao Valley (Hawaii) | |
| Floor elevation | 1,000 feet (300 m) |
| Geography | |
| Coordinates | 20°52′51″N 156°32′42″W / 20.88083°N 156.54500°W |
| Designated | 1972 |
ʻĪao Valley State Monument
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The state park is located on 6.2 acres (2.5 ha) at the end of ʻĪao Valley Road (Highway 32). The ʻĪao Needle (Kūkaʻemoku), a landmark in the state park, is a vegetation-covered lava remnant rising 1,200 feet (370 m) from the valley floor or 2,250 feet (690 m) above sea level. The "needle" is a sharp ridge that gives the appearance of being a spire when viewed end-on.[2] The needle is an extension of and surrounded by the cliffs of the West Maui Mountains, an extinct volcano. There is a short trail (ʻĪao Needle Lookout Trail and Ethnobotanical Loop) to a windy overlook.[3]
Rainforest
editʻĪao Valley is covered in dense rainforest, most of which consists of introduced vegetation on the valley floor. The Puʻu Kukui summit area at the valley's head receives an average 386 inches (9.8 m) of rainfall per year,[4] making it the state's second wettest location after The Big Bog, slightly wetter than Mount Waiʻaleʻale.[5] Much of this rainfall ends up flowing into the ʻĪao Stream. Trails in the State Park run alongside ʻĪao Stream and through the forest.
Above the ʻĪao valley at the Puʻu Kukui watershed is a native cloud forest of ʻOhiʻa and Koa. This forest is home to many native species including birds like the ʻIʻiwi, ʻApapane, and ʻAmakihi.
History
editThe Hawaiian god Kāne is considered to be the procreator and the provider of life. He is associated with wai (fresh water) as well as clouds, rain, streams, and springs. Kanaloa, the Hawaiian god of the underworld, is represented by the phallic stone of the ʻĪao Needle.
Kapawa, the king of Hawaiʻi prior to Pili, was buried here. Maui's ruler Kakaʻe, in the late 15th century, designated ʻĪao Valley as an aliʻi burial ground. The remains were buried in secret places. In 1790, the Battle of Kepaniwai took place there, in which Kamehameha the Great defeated Kalanikūpule and the Maui army during his campaign to unify the islands. The battle was said to be so bloody that dead bodies blocked ʻĪao Stream, and the battle site was named Kepaniwai ("the damming of the waters").
Kepaniwai Park and Heritage Gardens
editEstablished in 1952, the Heritage Gardens in Kepaniwai Park recognize the multicultural history of Maui. Tributes and structures celebrate the contributions of Hawaiian, American missionary, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Korean, and Filipino cultures. The gardens had become overgrown and were restored in 1994.[6] The Hawaii nature center, just outside the gardens, has a museum and children's education about Hawaii and conservation.[7]
References
edit- ^ "I'ao Valley". National Natural Landmark. National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 16, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
- ^ "The trail of the Ancients - the Iao Needle effect". Waialeale Base Camp. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
- ^ "Iao Valley State Monument". Hawaii State Parks; Maui. Department of Land and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on May 24, 2009. Retrieved March 14, 2009.
- ^ "NOAA Hawaiʻi rain gauge summary". Pacific Islands Water Science Center. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
- ^ "May 2010 Precipitation Summary". National Weather Service Forecast Office Honolulu, HI. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 7, 2010. Retrieved November 15, 2010.
Most of the gages in Maui County had below normal totals for 2010 through the end of May. Puu Kukui's 99.90 inches (57 percent of normal) led all totals county wide and ranked second highest in the state.
- ^ Kepler, Angela Kay (2007). West Maui: A Natural History Guide (1st ed.). Mutual Publishing. ISBN 1-56647-823-5.
- ^ "Hawaii Nature Center". Retrieved April 12, 2013.
Further reading
edit- Kyselka, Will; Ray E. Lanterman (1980). Maui: How it Came to Be. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-0530-5.
External links
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Media related to ʻĪao Valley at Wikimedia Commons
