Ignatius Kutu Acheampong (/əˈtʃæmˈpɒŋ/ ə-CHAM-PONG; 23 September 1931 – 16 June 1979) was a Ghanaian military officer and politician who was the military head of state of Ghana from 13 January 1972 to 5 July 1978, when he was deposed in a palace coup. He was executed by firing squad on 16 June 1979.[1]
Ignatius Kutu Acheampong | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Chairman of the Supreme Military Council | |
| In office 9 October 1975 – 5 July 1978 | |
| Deputy | Fred Akuffo |
| Preceded by | Himself (as Chairman of the National Redemption Council) |
| Succeeded by | Fred Akuffo |
| Chairman of the National Redemption Council | |
| In office 13 January 1972 – 5 July 1978 | |
| Preceded by | Edward Akufo-Addo (as President of Ghana) |
| Succeeded by | Himself (as Chairman of the Supreme Military Council) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 23 September 1931 Gold Coast |
| Died | 16 June 1979 (aged 47) Accra, Ghana |
| Cause of death | Execution by firing squad |
| Political party | (none) military |
| Spouse | Faustina Acheampong |
| Profession | Soldier |
| Religion | Christian |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Ghana |
| Branch/service | Ghana Army |
| Years of service | 1951–1978 |
| Rank | General |
| Unit | Royal West African Frontier Force |
| Battles/wars | Congo Crisis |
Early life and education
editAcheampong was born to Catholic parents of Ashanti origin. His parents were James Kwadwo Kutu Acheampong, a Catholic Catechist, and Madam Akua Manu.[2] He attended the Roman Catholic schools at Trabuom and the St Peter's school (also Catholic) at Kumasi, both in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. He attended the then Central College of Commerce at Agona Swedru in the Central Region of Ghana.[3]
Acheampong worked as a stenographer/secretary at Timber Sawmill in Kumasi and later taught at Kumasi Commercial College, where he became Vice Principal at Agona-Swedru College of Commerce.[2]
Acheampong trained at Aldershot, England, as a cadet officer.[4] He was commissioned in the Ghana Army in 1959, and served as a member of the UN peacekeepers during the Congo Crisis.[5]
Politics
editThen commander of Ghana's First Infantry Brigade,[4] Acheampong led a bloodless coup d'état to overthrow the democratically elected government of the Progress Party and its leader Dr Kofi Busia on 13 January 1972.[6]
He became head of state and chairman of the National Redemption Council (NRC), which was later transformed into the Supreme Military Council on 9 October 1975, with Colonel Acheampong (promoted to General) as its chairman.[7][1]
A few months after Acheampong came to power, on 27 April 1972, former president Kwame Nkrumah died in exile. Power in Ghana had changed hands several times since Nkrumah was overthrown, and Acheampong allowed Nkrumah's body to be returned and buried on 9 July 1972 at the village of his birth, Nkroful, Ghana. Notable historical changes and events introduced or implemented in Ghana during the period under Acheampong include: the change from the imperial to the metric system of measurement, change from driving on the left to right-hand traffic in "Operation Keep Right", Operation Feed Yourself (a programme aimed at developing self-reliance in agriculture), "National Reconstruction" (aimed at promoting employment and skill for workers), face-lift projects in cities, and the reconstruction/upgrading of stadia to meet international standards.[citation needed]
There were, however, widespread accusations of both the encouragement and endorsement of corruption in the country under his rule.[8] Also, Ghana began experiencing the troubles it had suffered under previous administrations, with increasing food prices and soaring inflation. Under intense political pressure, Acheampong began in late 1976 to flirt with the idea of a government in which the military could still play a role[4] and proposed a 'Union Government' with power sharing between the civilian and the armed forces. This led to student demonstrations and the closure of universities. Violent clashes between pro and anti UNIGOV factions led to the death of at least four people in Kumasi.[5]
Execution
editFollowing 4 June 1979 military uprising that brought Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings and the young officers of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) to power,[9] Acheampong was court martialed and executed along with General Edward Kwaku Utuka by firing squad on 16 June. Ten days later, two other former heads of state, Akwasi Afrifa and Fred Akuffo, and senior military officers Joy Amedume, George Boakye, Roger Joseph Felli and Robert Kotei, were executed. The AFRC returned Ghana to civilian rule three months after the uprising.[1]
Personal life
editAcheampong was married to Faustina Acheampong. One grandson is an American football player Charlie Peprah. His other grandson is 6' 9" Fulham F.C. striker Yakini Acheampong.[10]
Whilst bought up a Catholic, during his rule he addressed both a gathering of 'Spiritual Churches' in July 1972 and a pagan ceremony, the 'Cow Slaughtering ceremony' at Shana for the Pra River god on 1 December 1973. At both events, his comments express belief in the religions.[11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c "Ignatius Kutu Acheampong | chief of state, Ghana". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
- ^ a b "Ignatius Kutu Acheampong, Biography". GhanaWeb. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
- ^ John S. Pobee (1987). "Religion and Politics in Ghana, 1972 -1978. Some Case Studies from the rule of General I. K. Acheampong". Journal of Religion in Africa. 17 (1). BRILL: 44–62. doi:10.2307/1581075. JSTOR 1581075.
- ^ a b c Saxon, Wolfgang (17 June 1979). "Firing Squad Executes Former Ghana Leader On Corruption Charge (Published 1979)". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ a b "Ignatius Kutu Acheampong, Biography". GhanaWeb. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
- ^ "The Security Services" (PDF). Report of the National Reconciliation Commission Volume 4 Chapter 1. Ghana Government. October 2004. p. 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 30 April 2007.
- ^ Borders, William (14 January 1972). "Ghana's Parliament Is Dissolved by Leaders of Coup". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
- ^ El-Alawa, Razak (16 January 2016). "Remembering General Kutu Acheampong (1) – Graphic Online". Graphic Online. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
- ^ "Review of Petitions E. 4th June, 1979 – 23rd September 1979 (AFRC REGIME)" (PDF). Report of the National Reconciliation Commission Volume 2 Part 1 Chapter 6. Ghana Government. October 2004. p. 176. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 30 April 2007.
- ^ Crouse, Karen (6 February 2011). "To the Super Bowl via Ghana: A Packer Family's Journey". The New York Times. p. SP1.
- ^ Mbogoni, Lawrence Ezekiel Yona (2013). Human Sacrifice and the Supernatural in African History. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers. pp. 41–43.