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Siemens Velaro

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Siemens Velaro is a family of high-speed electric multiple unit trains built by Siemens. It is based on the ICE 3 high-speed trains initially co-manufactured by Siemens and Bombardier for German national rail operator Deutsche Bahn (DB).

Siemens Velaro
Velaro MS of Deutsche Bahn
Type and origin
BuilderSiemens Mobility
Total producedVelaro D: 17
Velaro E: 26
Velaro RUS: 20
CRH3C/CRH380B: 80 plus 180 ordered
Velaro e320: 17 (France, Belgium, the Netherlands, UK)
Velaro TR: 19 (Turkey)
Specifications
Current pickup(s)Pantograph
MU workingYes, with identical units
CouplersScharfenberg
Career
OperatorsDeutsche Bahn
RENFE
China Railway
Russian Railways
Eurostar
Turkish State Railways

In 1994, Deutsche Bahn were the first to order 50 units of the high-speed trains, branded as ICE 3, that would eventually evolve into the Velaro family. This initial batch of ICE-3 trainsets was built by a consortium with Bombardier (acquired by Alstom), and first delivered for service in 1999. A version based on this train without Bombardier patents was developed by Siemens and has been marketed as Velaro since. Velaro derivatives have been introduced in Germany, Belgium, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Spain, China, Russia, and Turkey.

In July 2006, a Siemens Velaro train-set (AVE S-103) reached 403.7 km/h (250.8 mph), which was the world record for railed and unmodified commercial service trainsets.[1]

In 2018, Siemens announced a major design iteration termed Velaro Novo.[2] It is scheduled to enter service in 2028 with Brightline West.[3]

Variants

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Velaro E (AVE Class 103)

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Main article: AVE Class 103

The Velaro E is a version of the Velaro family used by RENFE for operations in Spain. In 2001, RENFE ordered sixteen Velaros[4] designated AVE Class 103. The order was later increased to a total of 26 trains. The first units were delivered in July 2005 and completed their first test runs in January 2006. The trains serve the 621 km (386 mi) Barcelona–Madrid line at speeds up to 310 km/h (195 mph) for a travel time of 2 hours 30 minutes.

On 15 July 2006, a train achieved a top speed of 403.7 km/h (250.8 mph) between Guadalajara and Calatayud on the Madrid-Barcelona line, this is the Spanish record for railed vehicles. Until 3 December 2010 it was also a world record for unmodified commercial service trainsets, as the earlier TGV (world record of 574.8 km/h or 357.2 mph) and ICE records were achieved with specially modified and shortened trainsets, and the Shinkansen (443 km/h or 275 mph, 1996) record was for a test (non-commercial) trainset.

Velaro CN (CRH3C)

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Main article: China Railway CRH3

The Velaro CRH3C is a Chinese version of the Velaro. In November 2005, China ordered 60 trains[4] for the Beijing–Tianjin Intercity Railway. The eight-car trains are very similar to Spain's Velaro E, but 300 mm (11.81 in) wider to fit in almost 50% more seats in a 2 plus 3 layout. In the CRH3C version, a 200-metre-long Velaro train will seat 600 passengers.[5] These trains were manufactured jointly by Siemens in Germany and CNR Tangshan in China. The first Chinese-built CRH3C was unveiled on 11 April 2008.[6]

CRH3C reached a top speed of 394.3 km/h (245.0 mph) during a test on the Beijing to Tianjin high-speed railway on 24 June 2008.[7]

  •  
    A Velaro CRH3C in China
  •  
    Close-up of the sleeker nose section typical for earlier Velaro trains

Velaro RUS (RZD Sapsan)

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Siemens Velaro RUS EVS2
Main article: Sapsan

The Velaro RUS is part of the Velaro family built for Russia. On 19 May 2006, Siemens announced an order from Russian Railways for eight Velaro RUS high-speed trains including a 30-year service contract.[4] The contract is in total worth €600 million. The trains, connecting Moscow with Saint Petersburg, and later also Saint Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod (the service was temporarily discontinued from 1 June 2015 till 1 March 2018[8]) at a speed of up to 250 km/h (155 mph), are based on the ICE3 train standard but with bodies widened by 33 cm (13 in) to 3.265 m (10 ft 8+1⁄2 in) to take advantage of Russia's wide loading gauge.[9] They are also built to the 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) Russian track gauge, unlike other Velaro EMUs, which are standard gauge.

Four of the trains are for both 3 kV DC and 25 kV 50 Hz AC operation. The total length of each ten-car train is 250 m (820 ft 3 in), carrying up to 600 passengers.

Development and construction were carried out at Erlangen and Krefeld in Germany. Single-voltage EVS1 (3 kV DC) trains entered passenger service at the end of 2009 on the Moscow–St Petersburg route,[10] and the dual-system EVS2 trains entered service on the Nizhniy Novgorod route in 2010.[11]

It set a record for the fastest train in Russia on 2 May 2009, travelling at 281 km/h (175 mph)[12] and on 7 May 2009, travelling at 290 km/h (180 mph).[13]

On 19 December 2011 an order for an additional eight sets was signed to facilitate an increased number of services on existing lines and the expansion of new service elsewhere in the system.[14]

Velaro D (DB Class 407/ICE 3)

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Siemens Velaro D at InnoTrans 2010, after handover of first train to DB. Note the wider nose section compared to earlier Velaro models.
 
Siemens Velaro D at Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof

The Velaro D is specifically designed for Deutsche Bahn international services from Germany. Designated DB's Class 407, it is designed to run at speeds up to 330 km/h (205 mph)[15] and comply with Technical Specifications for Interoperability and enhanced crashworthiness requirements.[16] There are fire-proof equipment rooms and fire doors between cars. The Velaro D is designed to be quieter and more reliable than the ICE 3 (Class 403/406).

The train is also expected to use up to 20% less energy than previous versions of ICE. This is achieved in part by improved body styling. The Class 407 has 460 seats: 111 in first class, 333 in second class and 16 in the bistro car. This is 37 more seats than on Class 403/406 train sets, even though the seat pitch is unchanged. This is achieved by putting the traction equipment in compartments at either end of the train instead of hiding it behind panels the length of the train. This change removes the panorama lounges, found on older trainsets, which provide passengers in the end cars with a cab view. The passenger seating is all open-plan and there are no compartments.[17]

The eight-coach Class 407 trains can couple up and work with their Class 403 and Class 406 predecessors. Eight of the 16 bogies per train are powered, and there are four independent sets of traction equipment per train. Should two of them break down, the train can still operate. For full international flexibility across Europe, it can function on any of four voltages. The fleet is based in Frankfurt.[17]

In December 2008 Deutsche Bahn signed a €500 million order for 15 trainsets.[18][19] The train's production stages were presented to the press in Krefeld on 28 April 2010,[20] and three completed cars were displayed by Siemens on September 22, 2010 at InnoTrans.[21] In June 2011, Deutsche Bahn ordered an additional Velaro D set (increasing the total to 16) to replace a Clas 406 set damaged in an accident in August 2010.[22]

The Velaro D was meant to enter into service in December 2011[16] on services from Frankfurt to southern France via the new LGV Rhin-Rhône, and subsequently within Germany and on other international services to France, Belgium, Switzerland and the Netherlands.[17] Due to a series of delays in manufacturing and certification, no Velaro D trainsets were in service as of November 2012 and there was no schedule for their delivery. Only in December 2013 the first four trains delivered to DB were certified for domestic operation as multiple units and started passenger service. Four more trains were due to be delivered in spring 2014, whereas the remainder of eight trains were used for test runs in France and Belgium to gain type approval there.[23]

The specification of the Velaro D allows it to use the Channel Tunnel,[16] enabling DB to use it on the services it planed to operate from London to Amsterdam and Frankfurt.[24] Deutsche Bahn submitted safety documentation for the operation of Velaro D high speed trainsets through the Channel Tunnel to the Intergovernmental Commission in July 2011.[25] It received approval in June 2013 but cancelled plans to operate trains to London.[26]

In 2012 and 2013, Siemens discussed with Deutsche Bahn the delivery of one more Velaro D set, free of charge, as compensation for the delivery and certification delays. This train was originally built for test purposes and features a different propulsion setup, utilizing permanent magnet AC synchronous motors as opposed to the traditional AC asynchronous motors. Siemens stated that this will allow a reduction in the number of propulsion units per train, while still maintaining train performance.[27][28]

Velaro MS (DB Class 408/ICE 3neo)

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A DB Class 408 Velaro MS at Köln Messe/Deutz.

In 2019, Deutsche Bahn felt the need of further trains able to run at 300 km/h (190 mph) or faster for national and international use. Siemens offered its Velaro Novo, which was under development, and it offered an evolution of the Velaro D, designed for operation at 320 km/h (200 mph) and equipped with multi-system (MS) capability, hence labelled Velaro MS. Demanding a service-proven model, Deutsche Bahn ordered 30 Velaro MS for delivery starting in 2022.[29]

The first of these trains was completed in late 2021 and presented to the public in February 2022, marketed as ICE 3neo by Deutsche Bahn and bearing the DB class number 408. At the same time, the order was increased by 43 trainsets, with all 73 trains planned to have entered service by early 2029.[30] In May 2023, the order was increased by another 17 units, bringing the total number to 90.

The first class 408 unit entered revenue service in December 2022. International service started in June 2024, seeing the ICE 3neo replacing class 406 units on services to both Belgium and The Netherlands.

In October 2023, a new seating for the Deutsche Bahn long-distance fleet debuted on a class 408 train with line number 17. All subsequent units will be tout the redesigned seating.[31][32] Like the Velaro D Class 407, the class 408 does not feature the panorama lounges behind the drivers cab as found in the early ICE 3 models class 403 and 406.

  • ICE 3neo
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
    ICE 3neo has a dedicated bicycle compartment

Velaro e320 (Eurostar)

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Eurostar e320 near Sellindge, Kent, England. Its 16-car configuration is among the longest of Velaros in service.
 
A Eurostar e320 (left), also designated as British Rail Class 374, alongside a TGV TMST, or Class 373 (right).
Main article: British Rail Class 374

On 7 October 2010, it was reported that Eurostar had selected Siemens as preferred bidder to supply ten Velaro e320[33] trainsets at a cost of €600 million (and a total investment of more than £700 million with the refurbishment of the existing fleet included)[34] to operate an expanded route network, including services from London to Cologne and Amsterdam.[35] These would be sixteen-car, 400-metre (1,312 ft 4 in) long trainsets built to meet current Channel Tunnel regulations, and would not be the same as the Velaro D sets which Deutsche Bahn propose to operate services between Germany and London.[35] The top speed will be 320 km/h (200 mph) and they will have 894-950 seats, unlike the current Eurostar fleet manufactured by the French Alstom, which has a top speed of 300 km/h (190 mph) and a seating capacity of 750. Total traction power will be rated at 16 MW (21,000 hp; 22,000 PS).[33][36][37] On the British system they are classified as Class 374 units.

Velaro TR (TCDD HT80000)

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A Turkish HT80000 unit at InnoTrans 2016
 
In revenue service at the ATG terminal in Ankara
Main article: TCDD HT80000

The Velaro TR is a Velaro D derived eight-car standard gauge high-speed train for the Turkish State Railways (TCDD). The eight cars, totalling a length of 200 m (656 ft 2 in), can accommodate 519 passengers and reach a top speed of 300 km/h (190 mph).[38][39][40] 25 kV 50 Hz AC power the train with a total of 8 MW.[38]

In 2013, TCDD concluded four contracts with Siemens for the acquisition of 19 units in total (one unit for the first, six for the second, ten for the third and two for the last contract)[41] with a combined value of €685 million. (Excluding the last two sets.)[42] Furthermore, Siemens would provide 7 years of maintenance and cleaning for the first 7 sets, and also provide a simulator.[38][42] For the remaining 12 sets Siemens would provide 3 years of maintenance and cleaning.[41] The Velaros are to be deployed on the Turkish high-speed railway network. The first Siemens Velaro (the only Velaro D type train of TCDD, code numbered HT80001) entered service on 23 May 2015 between Ankara-Konya.[40][43][44] The second Velaro of TCDD, which is the first Velaro TR type train, with the code number HT80101 (this type of train was involved an accident in Ankara) arrived in Ankara on 17 February 2016.[40] The last Velaro TR arrived to Turkey in 2021.(HT80118)[41]

Unlike the traditional white - red - dark blue color scheme used on the TCDD HT65000 high-speed trains, a white - turquoise - grey color scheme has been selected for the livery of TCDD's Velaro trains.[43]

Velaro Egypt

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Siemens Velaro EGY at InnoTrans 2024

In May 2022 it was announced that Egyptian National Railways had ordered 41 Velaro eight-car sets, amongst other railway equipment, for a 2,000 km (1,243 mi) railway development.[45] In May 2024, the first of the "Velaro EGY" high speed trainsets was undergoing dynamic testing at the Wegberg-Wildenrath circuit in Germany ahead of delivery later the year.[46]

Velaro Novo

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Velaro Novo prototype car

The Velaro Novo is Siemens's concept for the next generation of high speed train, announced in June 2018. It would be lighter and more efficient than previous designs, with a top speed of 360 km/h (225 mph).[2][47] The company claims to achieve these improvements via lightweight construction techniques and reduced aerodynamic drag by fully covered, inside bearing bogies. By 2024, no full trainset had yet been produced except for one prototype car that has been running as part of a Deutsche Bahn ICE-S test train since April 2018.[48]

Siemens has branded the Velaro Novo for the US market as the American Pioneer 220. In May 2024, Siemens announced that Brightline had selected them to produce ten seven-car trainsets for their Rancho Cucamonga–Las Vegas route (Brightline West) that is planned for completion in 2028 (before the 2028 Summer Olympics).[3][49][50]

Siemens has broken ground on a new facility in Horseheads, New York to produce the trainsets for Brightline West.[51]

Specifications

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The Velaro platform has been customized for each variant according to operational needs:

Specifications of Velaro variants[52]
AVE Class 103 CRH3 Sapsan DB Class 407[53] BR Class 374 TCDD HT80000 DB Class 408
Operator RENFE,
Spain 		China Railway,
China 		Russian Railways,
Russia 		Deutsche Bahn,
Germany 		Eurostar,
Western Europe 		TCDD Taşımacılık,
Turkey 		Deutsche Bahn,
Germany
Date of initial order (service entry) 2001 (2007) 2005 (2008) 2006 (2009) 2008 (2013) 2010 (2015) 2013 (2015) 2019 (2022)
Length 200 m (660 ft),
8 cars with 460 seats 		200 m (660 ft),
8 cars with 601 seats 		250 m (820 ft),
10 cars with 604 seats 		200 m (660 ft),
8 cars with 460 seats 		390 m (1,280 ft),
16 cars with more than 900 seats 		200 m (660 ft),
8 cars with 516 seats 		200 m (660 ft),
8 cars with 439 seats
Weight 425 t 447 t 667 t 454 t 454 t 460 t
Maximum speed 350 km/h (220 mph) 380 km/h (240 mph)[54] 350 km/h (220 mph) 320 km/h (200 mph) 320 km/h (200 mph) 320 km/h (200 mph) 320 km/h (200 mph)
Power output 8,800 kW (11,800 hp) 8,800 kW (11,800 hp),
18,400 kW (24,700 hp) (CRH380BL)[55] 		8,000 kW (10,728 hp) 8,000 kW (10,728 hp) 16,000 kW (21,000 hp) 8,000 kW (10,728 hp)
Tractive effort 283 kN (64,000 lbf) 300 kN (67,000 lbf),
515 kN (116,000 lbf) (CRH380BL)[56] 		328 kN (74,000 lbf) 300 kN (67,000 lbf)
Power systems 25 kV 50 Hz AC 25 kV 50 Hz AC 3 kV DC (EVS1", single-voltage),
25 kV 50 Hz AC, 3 kV DC ("EVS2", dual-system) 		25 kV 50 Hz AC, 15 kV, 16.7 Hz AC, 3 kV, 1.5 kV DC 25 kV 50 Hz AC, 15 kV, 16.7 Hz AC, 3 kV, 1.5 kV DC 25 kV 50 Hz AC 25 kV 50 Hz AC, 15 kV, 16.7 Hz AC, 3 kV, 1.5 kV DC
Axle arrangement Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′ +2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′ Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′ +2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′ Bo′Bo′+2′2′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′ +2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′ Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′ +2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′ Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′ +2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′ +2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′ Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′ +2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′ Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′ +2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "First passengers travel on world record train Velaro". Erlangen, Germany: Siemens Transportation Systems. 22 June 2007. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  2. ^ a b "Siemens reveals Velaro Novo high-speed train concept". International Railway Journal. 13 June 2018. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022.
  3. ^ a b Uranga, Rachel (3 May 2024). "A first view of what the high-speed rail to Las Vegas might look like". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  4. ^ a b c Möller, Dietrich; Schlegel, Christian (2006). "Velaro - Weiterentwicklung des ICE 3 für den Weltmarkt" [Velaro - Further Development of the ICE 3 for Worldwide Use]. Elektrische Bahnen (in German). 104 (5): 258–263. ISSN 0013-5437. OCLC 2446655.
  5. ^ Brockmeyer, Ansgar; Reuß, Ernst; Wehrberger, Ralf (1 August 2007). "China's first 300 km/h trainsets are taking shape". Railway Gazette International. London. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  6. ^ "Tangshan rolls out its first 350 km/h train". Railway Gazette International. London. 11 April 2008. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  7. ^ "Velaro sets Chinese speed record". Railway Gazette International. London. 27 June 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
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  10. ^ "Russian high speed train enters service". Railway Gazette International. London. 21 December 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
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  12. ^ "Sapsan claims Russian rail speed record". Railway Gazette International. London. 7 May 2009. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
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  14. ^ "Russian Railways orders eight more Sapsan trains". Railway Gazette International. 20 December 2011.
  15. ^ "ICE 3: Deutschlands erster Zug für Tempo 300". www.bahn.de (in German). Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  16. ^ a b c "DB unveils next-generation ICE". Railway Gazette International. London. 29 April 2010. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  17. ^ a b c Fender, Keith (December 2010). "Class 407 -- the fourth generation ICE". Modern Railways. London. pp. 72–73.
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  20. ^ New supertrain for Germany: Siemens introduces the Velaro D April 28, 2010
  21. ^ World premiere of Velaro D at Innotrans 2010 – first presentation of new high-speed train for Deutsche Bahn 22 September 2010
  22. ^ Smith, Kevin (June 2011). "DB and Siemens finally sign ICx contract". International Railway Journal. Falmouth. p. 4.
  23. ^ "EBA approves Velaro D high speed trains for domestic operation". Railway Gazette International. London. 23 December 2013.
  24. ^ Fender, Keith (December 2010). "DB unveils plans for London services". Modern Railways. London. pp. 68–69.
  25. ^ "DB submits Channel Tunnel ICE safety case". Railway Gazette International. London. 12 July 2011. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  26. ^ Keith Barrow (14 June 2013). "DB secures Channel Tunnel access". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  27. ^ "Siemens soll der DB einen Superzug schenken". dmm Mobilitätsmanager (in German). Kitzingen, Germany: Verlag für Mobilität. 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  28. ^ "Verschieben sich ICE nach London wegen Vergesslichkeit?". dmm Mobilitätsmanager (in German). Kitzingen, Germany: Verlag für Mobilität. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  29. ^ "Deutsche Bahn orders 320 km/h Velaro derivatives". Railway Gazette. 15 July 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2022..
  30. ^ "DB orders more ICE3neo sets as first unit is unveiled". Railway Gazette. 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
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  32. ^ "Wohnzimmergefühl bei 300 km/h: erster ICE mit neuem Innendesign jetzt auf der Schiene". www.deutschebahn.com (in German). Deutsche Bahn. 23 October 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  33. ^ a b "320 km/h train order as Eurostar sets sights on expansion". Railway Gazette International. London. 7 October 2010. Archived from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
  34. ^ "Eurostar unveils £700m train deal". BBC News. 7 October 2010.
  35. ^ a b "Eurostar picks Velaro to expand fleet". Railway Gazette International. London. 1 October 2010. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  36. ^ "Carbon efficient Eurostar fleet going green". Silicon Republic. Dublin. 21 October 2010.
  37. ^ "High Speed Trainset Velaro Eurostar". Siemens. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015.
  38. ^ a b c "Velaro Turkey: High-Speed Train for TCDD" (PDF). Siemens Mobility. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  39. ^ "Velaro Turkey High-Speed Train". Siemens Mobility. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  40. ^ a b c "Çok Yüksek Hızlı Tren Setlerinin İkincisi Geldi". TCDD. 17 February 2016. Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  41. ^ a b c Siemens. "Siemens Mobility completes delivery of Velaro high-speed trains for Turkey". Siemens Press. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  42. ^ a b DVV Media UK. "TCDD orders 10 more Velaros". Railway Gazette. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  43. ^ a b "TCDD's first Siemens Velaro train set at the Ankara Central Station". wordpress.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  44. ^ "TCDD advertisement with Siemens Velaro". tcdd.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  45. ^ "Siemens Mobility secures high-speed rail contract in Egypt". Railway Technology. 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  46. ^ "Velaro EGY high speed train for Egypt on test". Railway Gazette International. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  47. ^ "Velaro Novo". Siemens Mobility Global.
  48. ^ "Testing Of A Velaro Novo Car Continues". www.railvolution.net. 2 December 2020. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  49. ^ "Transforming American Rail: Siemens Mobility to Build America's First High-Speed Train for Brightline West". Siemens. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  50. ^ "Brightline West Selects Siemens To Manufacture High Speed Rail Train Sets" (Press release). Siemens Mobility. 1 May 2024. Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  51. ^ "First US high-speed rail production facility to set up shop in Horseheads, New York". Trains. 11 September 2024. Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  52. ^ Brockmeyer, Ansgar; Gerdhard, Thomas; Lübben, Edzard; Reisner, Manfred; Bayrhof, Monika (6 June 2007). "High-speed trains: from power car to distributed traction". European Railway Review. 13 (3): 67–79. ISSN 1351-1599. OCLC 225912293.
  53. ^ "High-Speed Trainset Velaro D (Class 407)" (PDF). Siemens.
  54. ^ "夯实基础求发展中国轨道交通产业喜结硕果——"2009年世界轨道交通发展研究会年会"在京召开". 世界轨道交通（World Railway） (12). 2009.
  55. ^ "Erneuter Erfolg für die Hochgeschwindigkeitszüge von Siemens" (Press release) (in German). Siemens AG. 20 March 2009.
  56. ^ "CHINA High Speed Train The Key Technologyies and Maintenance System" (PDF). apta.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2013.
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