Wikipedia

Hazard symbol

(Redirected from ISO 361)
For other uses, see Warning Sign (disambiguation).
"Danger of death" redirects here. For other uses, see Near-death (disambiguation).

Hazard symbols are recognizable symbols designed to warn about hazardous or dangerous materials, locations, or objects, including electromagnetic fields, electric currents; harsh, toxic or unstable chemicals (acids, poisons, explosives); and radioactivity. The use of hazard symbols is often regulated by law and directed by standards organizations. Hazard symbols may appear with different colors, backgrounds, borders, and supplemental information in order to specify the type of hazard and the level of threat (for example, toxicity classes). Warning symbols are used in many places in place of or in addition to written warnings as they are quickly recognized (faster than reading a written warning) and more universally understood, as the same symbol can be recognized as having the same meaning to speakers of different languages.[citation needed]

Skull and crossbones, a common symbol for poison and other sources of lethal danger (GHS hazard pictograms)

Types of Standardized Hazard Symbols

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Standard Example Scope Audience State
ISO 7010 warning symbols   General purpose warning symbols The general public Currently used
GHS hazard pictograms   The labelling of containers and for workplace hazard warnings, and for use during the transport of dangerous goods The general public, the workplace, and material transport personnel Currently used
NFPA 704 Safety Square   To quickly and easily identify the risks posed by hazardous materials Emergency response personnel Currently used in the US
Hazardous Materials Identification System   A numerical hazard rating used to identify the risks posed by hazardous materials Employers and workers who handle and are exposed to hazardous chemicals Currently used in the US
EU Directive 67/548/EEC   The labelling of containers in the EU, used until 2017 Mixtures of chemicals that are placed on the market in the European Union No longer used
WHMIS 1988   Workplace hazard warnings used in Canada, last used in 2018 in favor of the GHS Workplace Hazards in Canada No longer used

Examples of common symbols

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ISO 7010 European Union [a] China[b] Canada[c] Soviet Union[d] United States[e]
 
General warning sign
 
General danger
 
General danger
 
Be Alert!
 
Other hazards 		—
 
Flammable material
 
Flammable matter
 
Fire[f]
 
Flammable
 
Flammable substances
 
Flammable
 
Explosive materials
 
Explosive matter
 
Explosion
 
Explosion hazard
 
Explosion hazard
 
Explosion
 
Toxic material
 
Toxic matter
 
Poison
 
Poison
 
Toxic substances
 
Poison
 
Corrosive substance
 
Corrosive matter
 
Corrosion
 
Chemical burn
 
Corrosive substances
 
Corrosive
 
Electricity hazard
 
Danger electricity
 
Electric shock
 
Electrical hazard
 
Electrical
 
Electric shock
 
Radioactive material
or ionizing radiation
 
Radioactive matter
 
Ionizing radiation 		—
 
Radiation hazard
 
Radiation
 
Biological hazard
 
Biological risk
 
Infection
 
Biohazard 		—
 
Biohazard
 
Floor-level obstacle
 
Obstacles
 
Obstacles 		— —
 
Trip
 
Drop or fall hazard
 
Drop
 
Drop/Fall 		— —
 
Fall
 
Slippery surface 		—
 
Slippery surface
 
Slippery floor
 
Possible fall
 
Slippery

Tape with yellow and black diagonal stripes is commonly used as a generic hazard warning. This can be in the form of barricade tape, or as a self-adhesive tape for marking floor areas and the like. In some regions (for instance the UK)[5] yellow tape is buried a certain distance above buried electrical cables to warn future groundworkers of the hazard.

Generic warning symbol

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Further information: Warning sign
 
Generic warning symbol
(Background color varies)

On roadside warning signs, an exclamation mark is often used to draw attention to a generic warning of danger, hazards, and the unexpected. In Europe and elsewhere in the world (except North America and Australia), this type of sign is used if there are no more-specific signs to denote a particular hazard.[6][7] When used for traffic signs, it is accompanied by a supplementary sign describing the hazard, usually mounted under the exclamation mark.

This symbol has also been more widely adopted for generic use in many other contexts not associated with road traffic. It often appears on hazardous equipment, in instruction manuals to draw attention to a precaution, on tram/train blind spot warning stickers and on natural disaster (earthquake, tsunami, hurricane, volcanic eruption) preparedness posters/brochures—as an alternative when a more-specific warning symbol is not available.

Poison symbol

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Main article: Skull and crossbones (poison)
☠
Hazard symbol
In UnicodeU+2620 ☠ SKULL AND CROSSBONES

The skull-and-crossbones symbol, consisting of a human skull and two bones crossed together behind the skull, is today generally used as a warning of danger of death, particularly in regard to poisonous substances.

The symbol, or some variation thereof, specifically with the bones (or swords) below the skull, was also featured on the Jolly Roger, the traditional flag of European and American seagoing pirates. It is also part of the Canadian WHMIS home symbols placed on containers to warn that the contents are poisonous.

In the United States, due to concerns that the skull-and-crossbones symbol's association with pirates might encourage children to play with toxic materials, the Mr. Yuk symbol is also used to denote poison.

This symbol has also been more widely adopted for generic use in many other contexts not associated with poisonous materials. It used for denoting number of dead victims caused by natural disasters (e.g. earthquakes) or armed conflicts on event infographics.

Ionizing radiation symbol

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See also: Radiation hazard warning signs and ISO 21482

☢
Radioactive sign
In UnicodeU+2622 ☢ RADIOACTIVE SIGN

The international radiation symbol is a trefoil around a small central circle representing radiation from an atom. It first appeared in 1946 at the University of California, Berkeley Radiation Laboratory.[8] At the time, it was rendered as magenta, and was set on a blue background. The shade of magenta used (Martin Senour Roman Violet No. 2225) was chosen because it was expensive and less likely to be used on other signs.[9] However, a blue background for other signs started to be used extensively. Blue was typically used on information signs and the color tended to fade with weathering. This resulted in the background being changed on the radiation hazard sign.[10] The original version used in the United States is magenta against a yellow background, and it is drawn with a central circle of radius R, an internal radius of 1.5R and an external radius of 5R for the blades, which are separated from each other by 60°. The trefoil is black in the international version, which is also used in the United States.[11]

The symbol was adopted as a standard in the US by ANSI in 1969.[10][12] It was first documented as an international symbol in 1963 in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recommendation R.361.[13] In 1974, after approval by national standards bodies, the symbol became an international standard as ISO 361 Basic ionizing radiation symbol.[14] The standard specifies the shape, proportions, application and restrictions on the use of the symbol. It may be used to signify the actual or potential presence of ionizing radiation. It is not used for non-ionizing electromagnetic waves or sound waves. The standard does not specify the radiation levels at which it is to be used.[14]

The sign is commonly referred to as a radioactivity warning sign, but it is actually a warning sign of ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is a much broader category than radioactivity alone, as many non-radioactive sources also emit potentially dangerous levels of ionizing radiation. This includes x-ray apparatus, radiotherapy linear accelerators, and particle accelerators. Non-ionizing radiation can also reach potentially dangerous levels, but this warning sign is different from the trefoil ionizing radiation warning symbol.[15] The sign is not to be confused with the fallout shelter identification sign introduced by the Office of Civil Defense in 1961. This was originally intended to be the same as the radiation hazard symbol but was changed to a slightly different symbol because shelters are a place of safety, not of hazard.[10][16]

On February 15, 2007, two groups—the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)—jointly announced the adoption of a new ionizing radiation warning symbol to supplement the traditional trefoil symbol. The new symbol, to be used on sealed radiation sources, is aimed at alerting anyone, anywhere to the danger of being close to a strong source of ionizing radiation.[17] It depicts, on a red background, a black trefoil with waves of radiation streaming from it, along with a black skull and crossbones, and a running figure with an arrow pointing away from the scene. The radiating trefoil suggests the presence of radiation, while the red background and the skull and crossbones warn of danger. The figure running away from the scene is meant to suggest taking action to avoid the labeled material. The new symbol is not intended to be generally visible, but rather to appear on internal components of devices that house radiation sources so that if anybody attempts to disassemble such devices they will see an explicit warning not to proceed any further.[18][19]

  •  
    ISO 361 International ionizing radiation trefoil symbol
  •  
    Radioactive symbol with specifications
  •  
    Yellow and magenta ionizing radiation trefoil used in the US
  •  
    Early ionizing radiation symbol (1946)
  •  
    ISO 21482 high-level sealed-source ionizing radiation symbol

Biohazard symbol

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Main article: Biological hazard

☣
Hazard symbol
In UnicodeU+2623 ☣ BIOHAZARD SIGN

The biohazard symbol is used in the labeling of biological materials that carry a significant health risk, including viral and bacteriological samples, including infected dressings and used hypodermic needles (see sharps waste).[20]

History

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The biohazard symbol was developed in 1966 by Charles Baldwin, an environmental-health engineer working for the Dow Chemical Company on their containment products.[21]

According to Baldwin, who was assigned by Dow to its development: "We wanted something that was memorable but meaningless, so we could educate people as to what it means." In an article in Science in 1967, the symbol was presented as the new standard for all biological hazards ("biohazards"). The article explained that over 40 symbols were drawn up by Dow's artists, and all of the symbols investigated had to meet a number of criteria: "(i) striking in form in order to draw immediate attention; (ii) unique and unambiguous, in order not to be confused with symbols used for other purposes; (iii) quickly recognizable and easily recalled; (iv) easily stenciled; (v) symmetrical, in order to appear identical from all angles of approach; and (vi) acceptable to groups of varying ethnic backgrounds." The chosen scored the best on nationwide testing for uniqueness and memorability.[20]

Geometry

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The Biohazard Symbol with dimensions

All parts of the biohazard sign can be drawn with a compass and straightedge. The basic outline of the symbol is a plain trefoil, which is three circles overlapping each other equally like in a triple Venn diagram with the overlapping parts erased. The diameter of the overlapping part is equal to half the radius of the three circles. Then three inner circles are drawn in with 2⁄3 radius of the original circles so that it is tangent to the outside three overlapping circles. A tiny circle in center has a diameter 1⁄2 of the radius of the three inner circles, and arcs are erased at 90°, 210°, and 330°. The arcs of the inner circles and the tiny circle are connected by a line. Finally, the ring under is drawn from the distance to the perimeter of the equilateral triangle that forms between the centers of the three intersecting circles. An outer circle of the ring under is drawn and finally enclosed with the arcs from the center of the inner circles with a shorter radius from the inner circles.[11]

Chemical symbols

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A chemical hazard symbol is a pictogram applied to containers and storage areas of dangerous chemical compounds to indicate the specific hazard, and thus the required precautions. There are several systems of labels, depending on the purpose, such as on the container for transportation, containers for end-use, or on a vehicle during transportation.

Hazard GHS[g] ISO 7010[23] European Union
Directive 92/58/EEC[24]		 European Union
Directive 67/548/EEC[25]		 WHMIS
1988[h]
Current
Amended[27]
No longer used[28][29]
Explosive substance    
 
 
 —
Flammable substance    
 
 
  
Oxidizing substance    
 
 
  
Compressed Gas     — —  
Corrosive substance    
 
 
  
Toxic substance    
 
 
  
Irritant/harmful   —
 
 
  
Health hazard  
 
 — —  
Environmental hazard     —
 
 —
Biological hazard —  
 
 —  
Dangerously reactive substance[i] — — — —  

GHS symbols and statements

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Main articles: GHS hazard pictograms and GHS hazard statements

The United Nations has designed GHS hazard pictograms and GHS hazard statements to internationally harmonize chemical hazard warnings under the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. These symbols have gradually replaced nation and region specific systems such as the European Union's Directive 67/548/EEC symbols,[28] Canada's Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System.[29] It has also been adopted in the United States for materials being sold and shipped by manufacturers, distributors and importers.[30] The USA previously did not mandate a specific system, instead allowing any system, provided it had met certain requirements.[31]

Europe

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ADR European hazard sign, meaning "highly flammable" (33)—"gasoline" (1203)
Main article: European hazard symbols

The European Union aligned its regulations with the GHS standards in 2008 with the adoption of CLP Regulation, replacing its existing Directive 67/548/EEC symbols during the mid-2010s, and requiring use of GHS symbols after 1 June 2017.[32][33] Since 2015, European standards are set by:

  • CLP regulation (2008) for chemical containers, following international GHS recommendations for pictograms, hazard statements, and precautionary statements.[32]
  • European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) for additional packaging for transportation. Vehicles carrying dangerous goods must be equipped with orange signs, where the upper code number identifies the type of hazard, and the lower code number identifies the specific substance. These symbols cannot be readily interpreted without the aid of a table to translate the numerical codes.
  • Directive 92/58/EEC sets out standards for safety signage in workplaces, including signage that marks storage areas for hazardous substances. This was amended to remove the 'Harmful/Irritant' sign in 2015, along with a few clarifications and technical updates related to CLP Regulation.[27]

Canada

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Main article: Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
 
Example WHMIS symbol

The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System, or WHMIS, is Canada's national workplace hazard communication standard, first introduced in 1988, and included eight chemical hazard symbols.[34] This system was brought into alignment with GHS in 2015, with a gradual phase in of GHS symbols and label designs through 15 December 2025.[29] The WHMIS system does deviate from GHS by retaining the former WHMIS symbol for Class 3, Division 3, biohazardous infectious materials, as GHS lacks a biological hazard symbol.[29]

United States

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Main article: NFPA 704
See also: Toxic Substances Control Act
 
NFPA 704 standard hazard sticker or placard

The US-based National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has a standard NFPA 704 using a diamond with four colored sections each with a number indicating severity 0–4 (0 for no hazard, 4 indicates a severe hazard).[35] The system was developed in the early 1960s, as a means to warn firefighters of possible dangers posed by storage tanks filled with chemicals. The red section denotes flammability. The blue section denotes health risks. Yellow represents reactivity (tendency to explode). The white section denotes special hazard information, not properly covered by the other categories, such as water reactivity, oxidizers, and asphyxiant gases.[35]

Non-standard symbols

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Sign on a fence around the Beromünster Reserve Broadcasting Tower in Switzerland, warning of high voltage and danger of death

A large number of warning symbols with non-standard designs are in use around the world.

Some warning symbols have been redesigned to be more comprehensible to children, such as the Mr. Ouch (depicting an electricity danger as a snarling, spiky creature) and Mr. Yuk (a green frowny face sticking its tongue out, to represent poison) designs in the United States.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Directive 92/58/EEC
  2. ^ GB 2894-2008[1]
  3. ^ CSA Z321[2]
  4. ^ GOST 12.4.026-76,[3] GOST 17925-72[4]
  5. ^ United States legislation and standards typically do not prescribe exact symbol designs. Designs can vary from those shown.
  6. ^ Taken directly from the English description provided with GB 2894-2008.
  7. ^ Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals[22]
  8. ^ Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System, Canada[26]
  9. ^ Reacts violently if mixed with water or subjected to impact/shock, or will vigorously polymerize or decompose.[26]

References

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  1. ^ Standardization Administration of China (2008). Safety Signs & Guideline for the Use (2008 ed.).
  2. ^ Canadian Standards Association (March 1996). CAN/CSA-Z321-96 - Signs and Symbols for the Workplace (2006 ed.). Ontario, Canada: CSA Group.
  3. ^ ГОСТ 12.4.026-76 - Система стандартов безопасности труда. Цвета сигнальные и знаки безопасности (in Russian). Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Publishing House of Standards. 1978.
  4. ^ ГОСТ 17925-72 - Знак радиационной опасности (in Russian). Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: IPC Publishing House of Standards. 1973.
  5. ^ "Notes of guidance for the use of electricity cable ducts", E.ON Central Networks, retrieved and archived 25 December 2021.
  6. ^ "Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals" (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2006. p. 50.
  7. ^ "Consolidated resolution on road signs and signals" (PDF). UNECE. 2010. p. 15.
  8. ^ "Origin of the Radiation Warning Symbol (Trefoil)". Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity. Retrieved 6 November 2021. The three-bladed radiation warning symbol, as we currently know it, was "doodled" out at the University of California Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley sometime in 1946 by a small group of people.
  9. ^ Lodding, Linda (March 2007). "A Symbolic History" (PDF). iaea.org. International Atomic Energy Agency. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  10. ^ a b c "Radiation Warning Symbol (Trefoil)", Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, accessed and archived 25 December 2021.
  11. ^ a b "Biohazard and radioactive symbol, design and proportions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 31, 2013.
  12. ^ "Regulatory Guide 8.1: Radiation Symbol", US Atomic Energy Commission, 2 February 1973.
  13. ^ Sophie J. Chumas, Index of International Standards, p. 144, National Bureau of Standards, 1974 OCLC 926741055.
  14. ^ a b ISO 361:1975(en): Basic ionizing radiation symbol (Forword), www.iso.org, retrieved 25 December 2021.
  15. ^ "Ionizing Radiation Profile". CAREX Canada.
  16. ^ "Civil Defense Fallout Shelter Sign (ca. 1960s)", Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, accessed and archived 25 December 2021.
  17. ^ "New Symbol Launched to Warn Public About Radiation Dangers". 15 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-15. This symbol is included in ISO 21482:2007.
  18. ^ "New Symbol Launched to Warn Public About Radiation Dangers". IAEA. 15 February 2007. Retrieved 2010-12-20.
  19. ^ "Drop it". Deccan Herald. 26 June 2007. Archived from the original on 2009-02-10.
  20. ^ a b Baldwin, CL; Runkle, RS (Oct 13, 1967). "Biohazards symbol: development of a biological hazards warning signal" (PDF). Science. 158 (3798): 264–5. Bibcode:1967Sci...158..264B. doi:10.1126/science.158.3798.264. PMID 6053882. S2CID 38466300. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
  21. ^ "Biohazard Symbol History". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.
  22. ^ "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals" (pdf). 2021. Annex 3: Codification of Statements and Pictograms (pp 268–385).
  23. ^ International Organization for Standardization (June 2011). "ISO 7010:2011 - Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Registered safety signs". Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  24. ^ "Council Directive 92/58/EEC of 24 June 1992 on the minimum requirements for the provision of safety and/or health signs at work (ninth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC)". Official Journal of the European Communities. 35: 23–42. 26 August 1992. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  25. ^ Commission Directive 2001/59/EC of 6 August 2001 adapting to technical progress for the 28th time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. OJEC L225, 21 August 2001, pp. 1–333.
  26. ^ a b Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) (10 May 2024). "WHMIS 1988 - Classification". ccohs.ca. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  27. ^ a b "Directive 2014/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 amending Council Directives 92/58/EEC, 92/85/EEC, 94/33/EC, 98/24/EC and Directive 2004/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, in order to align them to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures". Official Journal of the European Union. 57: 1–7. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2023. (a) warning sign 'Harmful or irritant material' is deleted.
  28. ^ a b Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006.. Article 60. pp 34.
  29. ^ a b c d Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) (10 May 2024). "WHMIS - Pictograms". ccohs.ca. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  30. ^ Occupational Safety and Health Administration (February 2013). "Hazard Communication Standard: Labels and Pictograms" (PDF). osha.gov. Department of Labor. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  31. ^ Occupational Safety and Health Administration. "1910.1200 - Hazard Communication". osha.gov. Department of Labor. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  32. ^ a b Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006..
  33. ^ European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). "Labels – make sure you're legal after 1 June 2017". newsletter.echa.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  34. ^ Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) (10 May 2024). "WHMIS 1988 - General". ccohs.ca. Government of Canada. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  35. ^ a b National Fire Protection Association (2022). "NFPA 704". nfpa.org. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
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