Bube, Bohobé or Bube–Benga (Bobe, Bubi) is a Bantu language spoken by the Bubi, a Bantu people native to, and once the primary inhabitants of Bioko Island in Equatorial Guinea. The language was brought to Bioko from continental Africa more than three thousand years ago when the Bubi began settling on the island.[3]
| Bube | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Cameroon |
| Ethnicity | Bubi, Wovea |
Native speakers | 51,000 (2011)[1] |
Early form | Pre-Bube
|
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bvb – inclusive codeIndividual code: bbx – Bubia (Wovea) |
| Glottolog | bube1242 |
A.31, A.221[2] | |
| ELP | Bubia |
It has around 50,000 speakers, with three variants: North, South and Central-East. It is noted for its tonal character and the divergence of words by gender. The language is also spoken by the Bubi native to Gabon and Cameroon.
The Bube language is divided into six different dialects that vary in the northern and southern regions of Bioko Island. For example, in the North, people speak Rebola and its variations: Basile, Banapa and Basupa. However, in the North-East, Bakake is spoken.
Bube is also spoken in a small area on the mainland closest to the island, where speakers are shifting to Wumboko.[4] This has been reported as "Bube", "Bubia" or "Wovea" (see Wovea people).
The first works on the Bube language were those of the Baptist missionary John Clarke, published in 1846 and 1848.[5] A later Bube-to-English primer was authored in 1875 by William Barleycorn, a colonial era Primitive Methodist missionary of Igbo and Fernandino descent, while he was serving in the Bubi village of Basupu. An official language dictionary and grammar guide was published by the ethnic Bubi scholar Justo Bolekia Boleká.
Other names
editOther names and forms of the name include Bubé, eVoové, eBubée, Bhubhi, Bubi, Ibubi, Ibhubhi, Pove and Eviia.
Phonology
editVowels
editBube has 7 vowels that can be either short or long:
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː (ĩ) | u uː (ũ) |
| Close-mid | e eː (ẽ) | o oː (õ) |
| Open-mid | ɛ ɛː (ɛ̃) | ɔ ɔː (ɔ̃) |
| Open | a aː (ã) | |
The nasal vowels are allophones of respective oral vowels.
Consonants
editBube has 29 consonants. Some of them are prenasalized:
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | ||||
| voiced | m | n | ɲ | ||||
| Stop | plain | voiceless | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | |||
| prenasal | voiceless | ᵐp | ⁿt | ᶮc | |||
| voiced | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮɟ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | h | |||
| voiced | v | ||||||
| prenasal | ⁿs | ||||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | ||||
| Rhotic | r | ||||||
Numbers
editThe numbers one through ten in Bube are as follows:[6]
Number Northern Bube Northwestern Bube Southern Bube 1 buule muule 2 eppa memba 3 betta metta 4 yeele myeeme 5 betto metto 6 ra'a
6metto na muule
5+17 ra'a la buule
6+1metto na memba
5+28 yeele ketoppa
4x2ra'a la eppa
6+2metto na metta
5+39 yeele ketoppa la buule
4x2+1baa buule ka yo
10-1metto na myeene
5+410 yo myo
References
edit- ^ Bube at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Bubia (Wovea) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ EquatorialGuinea.org; Retrieved 12/08/1998
- ^ Harald Hammarström (2013) Review of the Ethnologue, 16th Ed.
- ^ See Bibliography.
- ^ C. Junyent, Las lenguas del mundo, p. 66
Bibliography
edit- Biddulph, Joseph, Fernandian (1988). The Bubi Bantu language of Bioco/Fernando Po. Pontypridd, Wales: Languages Information Centre, WorldCat no. 17838738.
- Bolekia, Justo Bolekia (1991). Curso de lengua bubi. (Coleccion ensayos, 8.) Malabo: Centro Cultural Hispano-Guineano.
- Bolekia, Justo (2009). Diccionario español-bubi. Madrid: Ediciones AKAL. 544pp.
- Clarke, John (1846). Sentences in the Fernandian Tongue. Dunfermline Press, Bimbia.
- Clarke, John (1848). Introduction To The Fernandian Tongue, Part 1. Berwick-on-Tweed.