The Kagayanen language is spoken in the province of Palawan in the Philippines. It belongs to the Manobo subgroup of the Austronesian language family and is the only member of this subgroup that is not spoken on Mindanao or nearby islands.
| Kagayanen | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Philippines |
| Region | eastern Palawan |
Native speakers | 30,000 (2007)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cgc |
| Glottolog | kaga1256 |
Distribution
editKagayanen is spoken in the following areas:[2]
- Palawan Province: Cagayancillo Island between Negros and Palawan
- Palawan coastal communities
- southern Palawan: Balabac Island
- northern Palawan: Busuanga and Coron
- other areas around the Philippines: Iloilo Province; Silay, Negros; Manila; Quezon and Rizal areas
Phonology
edit| Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||
| Stop | p | b | t | d | k | g | ʔ | |||
| Fricative | s | (h) | ||||||||
| Approximant (Lateral) |
ð̞ | j | w | |||||||
| l | ||||||||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||||||
[h] occurs only in loan words, proper names, or in words that have [h] in the cognates of neighboring languages.[4] Outside of loanwords, /d/ becomes [r] between vowels.[5]
Comparative and historical evidence suggests that /ð̞/ and /l/ were in complementary distribution before a split occurred likely with pressure from contact with English, Spanish, and Tagalog.[6]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ə | u |
| Open | a |
/i/ ranges between [i] and [e], except in unstressed syllables (as well as before consonant clusters) where it lowers to [ɪ] or [ɛ].[8] Similarly, /u/ lowers to [ʊ] in unstressed syllables, before consonant clusters, and word-finally. It is otherwise [u].[9]
Grammar
editMost roots in Kagayanen do not have a defined part of speech but can function in predication (like verbs), referring (like nouns), or modifying (like adjectives and adverbs). For example, kaan is a root often used to refer to "cooked rice", but when inflected as a verb, the same root can mean "eat".[10] Verbs are inflected for mood, volition, voice (transitive/intransitive in Pebley's terminology), and whether the absolutive argument is a typical affected patient (applicative marking).[11] As with other Austronesian languages, one argument of a verb is always treated specially by the syntax. Pebley refers to this unmarked noun phrase (which is often but not always in a patient role when another argument is present) simply as the "absolutive" argument. (Van Valin 2005) refers to this as the PSA, the "privileged syntactic argument",[12] but linguists use a variety of terms to refer to this type of argument.
Notes
edit- ^ Kagayanen at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Ethnologue
- ^ Olson et al. (2010:206)
- ^ Olson et al. (2010:206), citing MacGregor (1995:365)
- ^ Olson et al. (2010:207)
- ^ Olson et al. (2010:207–209)
- ^ Olson & Mielke (2007)
- ^ Olson & Mielke (2007:845)
- ^ Olson & Mielke (2007:847)
- ^ Pebley, Carol J.; Payne, Thomas E. (2024). "A Grammar of Kagayanen". Language Science Press. p. 337. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
- ^ Pebley, Carol J.; Payne, Thomas E. (2024). "A Grammar of Kagayanen". Language Science Press. p. 273. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
- ^ Reisberg, Sonya (2021). "Predicting voice choice in symmetrical voice languages. All the things that do not work in Totoli" (PDF). Studies in Language. doi:10.1075/sl.20061.rie. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
References
edit- MacGregor, Louise A. (1995), "Kagayanen: Introduction and wordlist", in Tryon, Darrell T. (ed.), Comparative Austronesian dictionary: An introduction to Austronesian studies, part 1: fascicle 1, Trends in Linguistics., vol. 10, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 363–368
- Olson, Kenneth S.; Mielke, Jeff (2007), "Acoustic properties of the Kagayanen vowel space" (PDF), in Trouvain, Jürgen; Barry, William (eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Universität des Saarlandes, pp. 845–848, retrieved 2009-03-15
- Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J. III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296