Pu–Xian Min (Hinghwa Romanized: Pó-sing-gṳ̂; traditional Chinese: 莆仙話; simplified Chinese: 莆仙话; pinyin: Púxiānhuà), also known as Putian–Xianyou Min, Puxian Min, Pu–Xian Chinese, Xinghua, Henghua, Hinghua or Hinghwa (Hing-hua̍-gṳ̂; traditional Chinese: 興化語; simplified Chinese: 兴化语; pinyin: Xīnghuàyǔ), is a Chinese language that forms a branch of Min Chinese. Pu-Xian is a transitional variety of Coastal Min which shares characteristics with both Eastern Min and Southern Min, although it is closer to the latter.
| Pu–Xian Min | |
|---|---|
| 莆仙語/莆仙話/興化話 Pó-sing-gṳ̂/Pó-sing-uā/Hing-hua̍-uā | |
| Native to | China, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Taiwan (Wuqiu) |
| Region | Fujian (Putian, parts of Fuzhou and Quanzhou) |
| Ethnicity | Putianese (Han Chinese) |
Native speakers | 3.15 million (2022)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Early forms | |
| Dialects | |
| Simplified Han characters Traditional Han characters Hinghwa Romanized (Hing-hua̍ Báⁿ-uā-ci̍) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cpx |
| Glottolog | puxi1243 |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-id |
 Pu-Xian Min | |
The native language of Putian people, Pu-Xian is spoken mostly in Fujian province, particularly in Putian city and Xianyou County (after which it is named), parts of Fuzhou, and parts of Quanzhou. It is also widely used as the mother tongue in Wuqiu Township, Kinmen County, Fujian Province, Republic of China (Taiwan). More than 2,000 people in Shacheng, Fuding in northern Fujian also speak Pu-Xian.[5] There are minor differences between the dialects of Putian and Xianyou.
Overseas populations of Pu-Xian speakers exist in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. Speakers of Pu-Xian are also known as Henghua, Hinghua, or Xinghua.
History
editBefore the year 979 AD, the Pu-Xian region was part of Quanzhou county and hence people there spoke a form of Southern Min.[6][7]
In 979 AD, during the Song dynasty, the region was administratively separated from Quanzhou and the Chinese spoken there developed separately from the rest of Southern Min. Due to its proximity with Fuzhou, it absorbed some elements of Eastern Min, such as morphophonemic alternations in initial consonants, but its basic linguistic characteristics, i.e. grammar and most of its lexicon, are based on Southern Min. It also shares denasalization of historical nasal consonants and vocalic nasalization with Southern Min varieties.[8]
Pu–Xian Min has been shown to be 62% cognate with Quanzhou dialect (Southern Min) and only 39% cognate with the Fuzhou dialect (Eastern Min).[9]
Characteristics
editDifferences with Southern Min dialects
editPu-Xian differs from most Southern Min varieties in several ways:
- The vowel 'a' is replaced by /ɒ/ (o̤) in most cases, e.g. 腳 ko̤ "leg".
- The vowel 'ư' /ɯ/ is replaced by /y/ ('ṳ'), e.g. 魚 hṳ "fish".
- In Putian 'ng' has changed to /uŋ/ except after zero initial and h- (notation: ng), e.g. 湯 tung "soup".
- The vowel /e/ is often replaced by /ɒ/ o̤, e.g. 馬 bo̤ "horse".
- Where Quanzhou has 'ĩ' and Zhangzhou has 'ẽ', the corresponding Putian vowel is 'ã', e.g. 病 baⁿ "sick", where ⁿ indicates a nasalized vowel.
- The vowel 'io' is replaced by 'iau' (notation: a̤u), e.g. 笑 ciao "laugh". This also holds for nasalized vowels, e.g. 張 da̤uⁿ corresponding to Zhangzhou tioⁿ.
- Nasals 'm' sometimes occur in place of voiced stops 'b', e.g. 夢 mang vs. Quanzhou bang.
- Initial consonant 'ng' replaces 'g' e.g. 五 'ngo' vs. Quanzhou 'go'.
- There is a loss of distinction between voiced and unvoiced stops, e.g. the sounds /b/ and /p/ both correspond to the same phoneme and occur in free variation.
Borrowings from Eastern Min
edit- Wife 老媽 (Lau Ma)
Phonology
editPu-Xian has 15 consonants, including the zero onset, the same as most other Min varieties. Pu-Xian is distinctive for having a lateral fricative [ɬ] instead of the [s] in other Min varieties, similar to Taishanese.
Pu-Xian has 53 finals and 6 phonemic tones.
Initials
edit| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | unaspirated | p 巴 (b) | t 打 (d) | k 家 (g) | ʔ 烏 |
| aspirated | pʰ 彭 (p) | tʰ 他 (t) | kʰ 卡 (k) | ||
| Nasals | m 麻 (m) | n 拿 (n) | ŋ 雅 (ng) | ||
| Fricatives | β* | ɬ 沙 (s) | h 下 (h) | ||
| Affricates | unaspirated | ts 渣 (c) | |||
| aspirated | tsʰ 査 (ch) | ||||
| Approximant | l 拉 (l) | ||||
- β (only appears in connected speech. It's a result of consonant mutation of [p])
Finals
editPu–Xian Min has 53 finals (including nasalised finals)
| Vowel | Diphthong | Nasal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| no glide | a 鴉 (a) | au 拗 (au) | aŋ 王 (ang) | aʔ 壓 (ah) |
| ɒ 奥 (o̤) | ɒŋ 用 (o̤ng) | ɒʔ 屋 (o̤h) | ||
| ɔ 科 (eo) | ɔu 烏 (o) | ɔŋ 温 (eong) | oʔ 熨 (eoh) | |
| e 裔 (a̤) | ai 愛 (ai) | ɛŋ 煙 (eng) | ɛʔ 黑 (eh) | |
| œ 改 (e̤) | œŋ 換 (e̤ng) | œʔ 郁 (e̤h) | ||
| ŋ 伓 (ng) | ||||
| /-i-/ | i 衣 (i) | iu 油 (iu) | iŋ 引 (ing) | iʔ 益 (ih) |
| ia 夜 (ia) | iau 要 (a̤u) | iaŋ 鹽 (iang) | iaʔ 葉 (iah) | |
| /-u-/ | u 夫 (u) | ui 位 (ui) | uŋ 黄 (ng) | |
| ua 画 (ua) | ɔi/ue 歪 (oi) | uaŋ 碗 (uang) | uaʔ 活 (uah) | |
| /-y-/ | y 余 (ṳ) | yŋ 恩 (ṳng) | yʔ 役 (ṳh) | |
| yɒ 安 (io̤ⁿ) | yɒŋ 羊 (io̤ng) | yɒʔ 藥 (io̤h) |
| Chinese character | 黃 (ńg) | 方 (hng) | 漲 (dn̂g) | 幫 (bng) | 光 (gng) | 兩 (nn̄g) | 毛 (mńg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Putian | uŋ | huŋ | tuŋ | puŋ | kuŋ | nuŋ | muŋ |
| Xianyou | ŋ̍ | hŋ̍ | tŋ̍ | pŋ̍ | kŋ̍ | nŋ̍ | mŋ̍ |
| IPA | ã | ẽ | ɛ̃ | ĩ | ỹ | ɒ̃ | iã | yã | uã | aĩ | aũ | uĩ | iũ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romanization | aⁿ | a̤ⁿ | a̤ⁿ | e̤ⁿ | o̤ⁿ | iaⁿ | io̤ⁿ | uaⁿ | oiⁿ | a̤uⁿ | |||
| Romanized IPA | ã | ẽ | ø̃ | ɒ̃ | iã | yɒ̃ | uã | oĩ | ɛũ |
| Chinese character | 爭 (caⁿ) | 還 (há̤ⁿ) | 段 (dē̤ⁿ) | 三 (so̤ⁿ) | 鼎 (diáⁿ) | 張 (da̤uⁿ) | 看 (kua̍ⁿ) | 飯 (bōiⁿ) | 贏 (ió̤ⁿ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xianyou | tsã | hĩ | tỹ | sɒ̃ | tiã | tiũ | kʰuã | puĩ | yɒ̃ |
| Putian | tsa | hi | tø | sɒ | tia | tiau | kʰua | puai | yɒ |
Tone
edit| Tone | Ing-báⁿ 陰平 | Ing-siō̤ng 陰上 | Ing-kṳ̍ 陰去 | Ing-ci̍h 陰入 | Ió̤ng-báⁿ 陽平 | Ió̤ng-kṳ̍ 陽去 | Ió̤ng-ci̍h 陽入 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Putian | ˥˧˧ (533) | ˦˥˧ (453) | ˦˨ (42) | ʔ˨˩ (ʔ21) | ˩˧ (13) | ˩ (11) | ʔ˦ (ʔ4) |
| Xianyou | ˥˦˦ (544) | ˧˧˨ (332) | ˥˨ (52) | ʔ˨ (ʔ2) | ˨˦ (24) | ˨˩ (21) | ʔ˦ (ʔ4) |
Register
edit| Chinese character | 買 | 黃 | 生 | 領 | 師 | 兩 | 火 | 壁 | 著 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colloquial | pe | ŋ̍ | ɬã, tsʰã | nia | ɬai | nŋ̍ | hoe | pia | tieu |
| Literary | mai | hɒŋ | ɬɛŋ | liŋ | ɬo | løŋ | hɒ | piʔ | tøʔ |
Assimilation
edit新婦房 ɬiŋ pu paŋ → ɬiŋ mu βaŋ
青草 tsʰɔŋ tsʰau → tsʰɔŋ nau
Comparison between Putian Min and Quanzhou Min Nan
edit| Chinese character | 埋 (lit.) | 萬 (lit.) | 人 (lit.) | 入 | 危 (lit.) | 逆 | 內 | 諾 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Putian | mai | man | tsin | tsiʔ | kui | kiʔ | tue | tɔʔ |
| Quanzhou | bai | ban | lin | dzip | ɡui | ɡiak | lue | lɔk |
Sentence-final particles
edit- ah (啊): used to express exclamation.
- lah (啦): used to stress or for adding emotional effect to your words.
- neh (呢): used for questioning.
- nɔ (唔): used to express emotion.
- yɔu (哟): used to denote obviousness or contention.
Romanization
editHing-hua̍ báⁿ-uā-ci̍ (興化平話字) is the Romanization system for Pu–Xian Min. It has 23 letters: a a̤ b c ch d e e̤ g h i k l m n ng o o̤ p s t u ṳ.
The Romanization only needs five tone marks for seven tones:
- 陰平 Ing-báⁿ (unmarked)
- 陰上 Ing-siō̤ng ˆ (â)
- 陰去 Ing-kṳ̍ ˈ (a̍)
- 陰入 Ing-ci̍h (unmarked)
- 陽平 Ió̤ng-báⁿ ́ (á)
- 陽去 Ió̤ng-kṳ̍ – (ā)
- 陽入 Ió̤ng-ci̍h ˈh (a̍h)
| IPA | Pu–Xian Min (Xinghua) | Fuzhou |
|---|---|---|
| pʰ | p | p |
| tʰ | t | t |
| kʰ | k | k |
| p | b | b |
| t | d | d |
| k | g | g |
| tsʰ | ch | ch |
| ts | c | c |
| Tone | 陰平 Ing-báⁿ | 陰上 Ing-siō̤ng | 陰去 Ing-kṳ̍ | 陰入 Ing-ci̍h | 陽平 Ió̤ng-báⁿ | 陽去 Ió̤ng-kṳ̍ | 陽入 Ió̤ng-ci̍h |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Báⁿ-uā-ci̍ | a | â | a̍ | ah | á | ā | a̍h |
| Pe̍h-ōe-jī | a | á | à | ah | â | ā | a̍h |
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ Pu–Xian Min at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ Cai, Guo-mei 蔡国妹 (2013). "Fúdǐng Àoyāo Púxiān fāngyán dǎo zài diàochá" 福鼎澳腰莆仙方言岛再调查 [A Further Study on Pu-Xian Dialect Zone in Aoyao Village, Fuding]. Lóngyán Xuéyuàn xuébào / Journal of Longyan University (in Chinese). 2013 (1): 38–43. doi:10.16813/j.cnki.cn35-1286/g4.2013.01.008 – via en.cnki.com.cn.
- ^ "Shìjiè shàng gēnběn wú Mǐnnányǔ ~ Wáng Huánán" 世界上根本無閩南語 ~ 王華南 [There is no Hokkien in the World ~ Wang Huanan]. Táiwān wǎng lù jiàohuì 台灣網路教會 (in Chinese). 2011-05-27.
- ^ "Cháozhōuhuà" 潮州话 [Teochew Dialect]. 8944.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2015-06-21. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
- ^ Lien, Chinfa (August 17–19, 1998). "Denasalization, Vocalic Nasalization and Related Issues in Southern Min: A Dialectal and Comparative Perspective". International Symposium on Linguistic Change and the Chinese Dialects.
- ^ Li, Rulong 李如龍; Chen, Zhangtai 陳章太 (1991). Lùn Mǐn fāngyán nèibù de zhǔyào chāyì 論閩方言內部的主要差異 – 閩語硏究 [On the Main Differences in Min Dialects] (in Chinese). Beijing: Yuwen Chubanshe. pp. 58–138.
External links
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